#squpr

Date: Sunday, November15, 2020

Course Code: MASS2113/20

Word:  350                                                                                            

History of the cars

In the late nineteenth century, the automobile was invented and perfected and innovated in its manufacture, and the beginning of mastering the car was for the first time in France and Germany, but after that the Americans took control of the car industry and that was in the first half of the twentieth century, and in the twenties of the last century, the craftsmen By directing cars and their resources to the armies during World War II, and then soon the production of cars spread.

The car is known as a motor vehicle and it consists of mechanical parts, and the car is considered one of the most common and widespread means of transportation, especially in our current era, and the parts in the vehicle work in great harmony as this leads to the work and movement of the vehicle, and the vehicle usually contains four wheels and an engine It works on gasoline.

In 1768, most historians agreed that Joseph Cuneo, a Frenchman, was the first real car maker. Cat is huge, heavy and working with the news. It consists of three three-wheeled wheels and operates for 20 minutes at a speed of 2.25 miles (3.6 km), and the vehicle has the ability to carry 4 people inside only, after parking for another 20 minutes, the vehicle will gain power again.

Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler, Nicholas Otto and Emil Levasseur from Germany were the most important contributors to the gasoline car industry, and the Mercedes car that was designed in 1901 was a modern car of all necessities. Its engine weighed fourteen pounds and had thirty-five horsepower, and the car had achieved a top speed of fifty-three miles an hour.

In the past, cars had no turn signals or windshields and did not contain doors either, but after that, a set of features appeared, such as mirror, vision, windshield and seat belts. As the turn signals appeared only in 1939. After each period, other features appear with the aim of obtaining more comfort and luxury while driving. As the manufacturers have focused and focused on developing cars and introducing technology.

URL:

https://www.britannica.com/technology/automobile/Ford-and-the-automotive-revolution

https://www.daimler.com/company/tradition/company-history/1885-1886.html

ID: 123789

Date: April 28, 2020

Number of words: 350

Analysis the collage:

This comic show how the earth has been effected by this virus without any exceptions even the strongest countries. many people thought this is the end of the world.

the artist wants to convey a message or spread a culture to one of the preventive methods of this virus, which to be away from usually habits like hands shaking and kissing, and be away as possible even if the society doesn't accept you.

it shows how the education sector affected by this pandemic, because they are not ready crisis like this. So, many countries have cancelled many courses, while others face a lot of problems in studying online.

it explains how this virus effected in the main source of economy in the gulf. It let us asking deferent questions like, will governments overcome these crises? will it succeed? Or will people be affected ?etc.

Why did I choose this four graphics?

Because they coverage the most important and affected topics by coronavirus in my view.

And how people talk about these topics continuously on social media since the beginning of the crisis.

Many methods, clarifications, and ideas have emerged recently to explain all questions related to this crises.

The importance of the graphics:

It has effects in several areas:

Educational:

the message spreading more, audiences can understand, interpret and interact with it and try to develop solutions and proposals that may benefit the stakeholders.

In health:

It helps health agencies in spreading the main information that related to this virus.

Economy:

some promoters will promote their products or ideas in an indirect way and the audience doesn't realize that.

The politician:

It can change the public opinion , for example china is the main reason of this virus so people should avoid it.

It can change the ideas about successful people or countries.

Understanding:

They have negative effects(spreading rumors…etc) as well as positive.

 The words and colors that used and repeated have a specific meaning.

Some of them published by the competent authorities to achieve a specific aim.

 The number increases in times of crisis.

__________________

References:

The official account in twitter for Oman newspaper.

Date: May 19, 2020

Number of words: 350

 My perspectives about media ethics challenges

There are many media ethics challenges that the media people face it on their jobs and they need to know it , understand it and try to not be a part of it.Today , In this crisis, many professions face many challenges, the most important of which are ethical challenges, as the media profession is a pivotal and very important profession in this period in particular.In addition , the media plays an important role in our society, in education, in health, or to increase your knowledge, and today with the development in the media it is become easy to share the Information and knowledge with others and to be connect with the people around the world .

The ethical challenges media:

Media ethics face a lot of challenges especially in crisis times, as we can see it in the Coronavirus crisis. One of the most challenges faces by the media nowadays is the credibility of some information related to the pandemic like the numbers of injuries and deaths and some individual's private information. For example : The world became thirsty for news because of the Corona crisis, so most media outlets compete to produce news and knowledge so as to get audiences or opinions and a few resort to distorting the facts, and publish it before the official media publishes it. As a result of all these changes, the amount of fake news is rose and there are some institutions nowadays fabricate the news and share disinformation to mislead the audiences and create a public opinion that serves their interests. in addition, with the spread of the virus, formal media face different challenges to maintain the professionalism of its work and this requires them credibility in show the virus statistics, because the audience put their confidence on them to get the latest developments and news about the virus.

Understanding:

ID: 119132

Date: May 19, 2020

Number of words: 348

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The changes happening with media nowadays

With all the huge technical changes that is happening now, the media become available for everyone in any time and place. The internet become a platform that brings together all these media. That helped everyone to get any information or news they want easily. Also, every news platform is now having an account on the internet to make it easy for people to reach their updates easily. In addition, everyone now can have his own account which they can express their opinions without any restrictions. Consequently, it become easy to Post misinformation, rumors and broadcast it widely around the world. So, the media including the discussions in social media became a big impact on individuals, people and public opinion.

With the spread of coronavirus around the world, the news media started to air about the virus in their different platforms. All the individuals also started to express they view about how the virus genesis and spread, they shared comics in their private accounts on social media.

 The ethical challenges media will face.

With all the developments that Facilities the process of searching about news and sharing the information as well the digital revolution, different challenges arose in media practice, these challenges led media’s commitment to media ethics is less than before and the reason is due to that millions of people around the world are practicing media publishing in their own accounts.

As a result of all these changes, the amount of fake news is rose and there are some institutions nowadays fabricate the news and share disinformation to mislead the audiences and create a public opinion that serves their interests. in addition, with the spread of the virus, formal media face different challenges to maintain the professionalism of its work and this requires them credibility in show the virus statistics, because the audience put their confidence on them to get the latest developments and news about the virus.

Written by: Jumana Alqasmi (110887), Issa Alsubhi (106250)

Date: November 4, 2018

About the article:

Name of the journal: new media & society.

Written by: “Ysabel Gerrard”.

Department of Sociological Studies, The University of Sheffield, Northumberland Road, Sheffield S10 2TU, UK.

First Published: May 28, 2018.

Introduction:

Social media companies encourage their users to share content about themselves. They moderate problematic posts when they face public pressures, like accusations that they host pro-eating disorder pro-ED content.

Pro-ED communities are a long-standing societal concern. Pro-ED is to promote an eating disorder “as a ‘lifestyle choice’ rather than as a ‘disease’, thus challenging medical and psychiatric conceptualizations which position the ‘sufferer’ as passive and helpless”.

The relationship between social media and eating disorders has become more important in recent years. For that, By 2012 Instagram, Pinterest, and Tumblr announced to minimize the spread of pro-ED content. These platforms enforce their rules in fairly similar ways, all three began to issue public service announcements (PSAs) when users search for troubling hashtags, like #proana (pro-anorexia) and #thinspiration, and Instagram began to block the results of certain hashtag searches.

This article explores how the circumvention of hashtag moderation in online pro-ED communities:

1- Privileging the hashtag in a pro-eating disorder problem.

2- Finding untagged pro-ED content on Instagram and Tumblr:

3- Hiding in plain sight: signaling the pro-ED user base.

4- Trending in anorexia this week: Platforms as recommendation systems.

Privileging the hashtag in a pro-eating disorder problem:

Platforms used hashtags as a mechanism through which to police problematic posts because:

1- Hashtags are perhaps the most visible form of social media communication.

2- Connecting content between users “who have no preexisting follower/followee relationship.

3- Hashtags’ visibility makes them distinct from other forms of social media engagement such as liking and commenting.

All of Instagram, Pinterest, and Tumblr’s user base is a difficult, perhaps impossible task for both human content moderators and platforms’ automated moderation mechanisms. However, there are tools to algorithmically tag visual imagery on social media, but these methods are notoriously unreliable.

For example, on its Community Guidelines Pinterest states that it will “remove anything that promotes self-harm”. It gives an example of an image that would be acceptable, claiming “It’s okay because the focus is on nutrition and fitness.” The image’s overlaid text “It’s not a diet, it’s a way of life. Therefore, by including hashtags in a post, users are telling platforms—intentionally or otherwise—what the post is about.

In the computer sciences, Chancellor et al. (2016) have identified a range of hashtags that Instagram users coined to work around the platform’s hashtag ban (e.g. #thighgap became #thyghgapp), and Moreno et al. (2016) have found a number of deliberately ambiguous non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) tags on Instagram, like #secretsociety123ness.

Finding untagged pro-ED content on Instagram and Tumblr:

There are two ways to find new content on Instagram and Tumblr (Hashtags and keywords) and this led to over reliance on tagged data. It is hard to find untagged pro-ED content because of ethical considerations for researching data and user’s desire to minimize their visibility in a given topic.

Using search engine on Instagram to search for top posts, people, tags, and places will give you four main ways:

1- Semi-permanent blocks (no tagged content).

2- New posts moderated (top posts).

3- No posts yet (error message).

4- Public Service Announcements (PSAs).

There are other routes to access to pro-ED content by innovative methodological approach.

Instagram does not block access to searches for top posts, it return search result for users whose accounts following pro-ED terms. Over 2 week’s period of manually coded 1612 public accounts, finding that 561 accounts include hashtags and 1051 without. From these result he found that hashtags are not an important communicative tool.

Tumblr is different in content moderation, it return content for all pro-ED searches. The user can scroll the PSA to view, but Tumblr does not issues PSA.

If you follow certain keywords the platform lets users follow certain topics, and it is similar to Instagram Explore Function. He identified and analyzed 1000 Tumblr post and he found that 218 posts include hashtags and 782 without. In addition, it is again the result shows that hashtags not important.

The kind of moderation on Instagram and Tumblr are trying to make such content unsearchable, but pro-ED users are able to navigate platforms on all sorts of ways and know how to break the rules.

Hiding in plain sight: signaling the pro-ED user base:

Users who are conscious about content moderation must go beyond the hashtag to find new ways of being visible to those who they wish to be seen by. Donath’s signaling theory which state that: “people often rely on signals rather than directly observable traits to learn about each other” is useful for exploring how users identify content, but it takes time to learn how it read these subtle signals.

Many users are aware that pro-ED content is a target for moderation, and one of the most obvious ways to deflect attention is using non-hashtags. Biographies, which disavow pro-ED identities to reassure moderators and non-in-group users that their accounts are unproblematic. Because pro-ED hashtags are scrutinized, many people have developed a set of non-tagged signals.

It is difficult to uncover the hidden meanings behind these signals in the absence of hashtags. Pro-ED users understand that this interpretive work takes time for those who are not knowledgeable, which might explain why they do not use hashtags.

Pro-ED users are unwelcome on this programs and society. Therefore, they use phrases such as my dataset was “not-pro-anything” or “not promoting anything,” which means that they do not affiliate with a pro-ED identity.

Trending in anorexia this week: Platforms as recommendation systems:

The hashtag moderation is an ineffective intervention into pro-ED communities, this is because social media users circumvent it and part of the work of platforms is to recommend content to their users. However, users can instead simply enact a pro-ED identity on social media to see this kind of content. While they are often aware of and are not wholly conditioned by algorithms. However, only by liking their posts platforms presented with pro-ED content through algorithmically organized in Instagram, Pinterest and Tumblr feeds, and via email. All three platforms have recommendation algorithms, they encourage different forms of communication from their users, affecting how content is seen and experienced.

Pinterest:

When a user finds an image on the Pinterest app, they can scroll down the page to view other recommended content. The platform also suggests alternative yet related phrases that users might want to search for or ideas you might love. It is algorithmically aligning pro-ED imagery with discourses like death, suicide and self-harm. The claims to remove anything that promotes self-harm, this reveals an intimate connection between platforms’ public-facing policies and closed codes. In addition, it recommended content through email updates.

Instagram:

Allows users to save pro-ED content to her saved posts folder, without sending notifications to the poster. After began saving things, Instagram’s Explore tab flooded with other pro-ED content. This form of hashtag moderation appears to be designed to protect new users who are at risk of joining pro-ED and other such networks, rather than those who are already embedded within them. Instagram categorizes the ‘embrace of anorexia, bulimia, or other eating disorders’ as a form of self- harm.

Tumblr:

Aligns blogs that actively promote self-harm with blogs that glorify or promote anorexia, bulimia, and other eating disorders.

Concluding remarks:

Pro-ED users circumvent mediator in putting issues online by using non-hashtags to escape from restrictions. The results tell us that the members of the pro-ED community are savvy, and they have devised a set of signals to indicate their contents and identities without using hashtags.

Instagram put a logic to protect:

1- New users from joining pro-ED.

2- Users who are curious.

3- Users who still use search engines to find new contents.

The analysis reveals the complexities of the “pro-ED” identity who use a set of non-pro speeches and these circumvention techniques that define this community of users. Therefore, perhaps it is not possible to police ED-related content in a systematic way.

The hashtags become the way of seeing socio-technical phenomenon, but not it is the way that people interact with the topic.

Social media can provide us with a rich source of knowledge and it is include unaddressed issues:

1- Analyses of users’ comments on pro-ED posts.

2- A cross-platform analysis to understand any socio-technical variation between different pro-ED cultures.

3- Analyses of pro-ED users’ self-representations, which are often enacted pseudonymously.

Done by: Khafam Almamari

Amjad Alshukaili

Nov 4, 2018

The Glam Life

A separate yet related way that fashion bloggers unsettle the binary between labor and leisure is through their staging of “the glam life,” characterized by global travel, invitations to exclusive events, and access to luxury goods and swag.

By taking a photos and videos for the lifestyle on their Instagram accounts, the bloggers in our sample engaged in what Marwick has described as, an attention-seeking practice whereby an individual presents herself in a high status social position .

Promotion to the brands

In many cases, these products were famous from designers and publicists as part of a mutual incentive structure that mobilizes the activities of social influencers .” The practice of “tagging,” or linking to a branded product in one’s blog or Instagram feed, stands as public recognition of a commercial.

It is perhaps not surprising that designer goods are also central to bloggers’ staging of “the glam life”, the blogs and Instagram feeds we analyzed displayed a compendium of Valentino pumps, luxury goods offset by the occasional thrift store purchase or product identified with a discount retailer.

The gendered nature of this intimate social sharing must be historically contextualized, as Victorian era demarcations between public and private were guided by assumptions about masculine and feminine realms, respectively.

Sometimes bloggers frequently shared personal details by, for example, acknowledging the support of parents or partners, Because they want to show social responsibility, thus increasing the number of followers, and increase the impact. So, that back positively for them.

Bloggers and leisure time

Some people work for some production companies, advertising and global promotion. These people may not have time to enjoy their time, and do not have the leisure time to enjoy with family and friends because they are constantly working for the company that offers them money,

While some bloggers enjoy their time through their work, they spend time with family and friends and do not have pressure through work.

While there are self-employed bloggers who are not affiliated with an organization, they enjoy their time and organize their time as they wish

self branding

Social media has contributed to the making of a personal brand. There are many persons who have benefited by getting a large number of followers, so they have become famous and influential in a certain category, thus creating a personal identity for themselves on social networks. They subsequently benefited from the commercialization of production companies. The bloggers translated their voices and into lucrative and seemingly fulfilling careers.

The Author: Brooke Erin Duffy & Emily Hund

July-December 2015: 1–11

Salah Al-Shuraiqi 113050 September 25,2018 First! What Misleading or false advertisements are? False / Misleading advertising is the use of false, misleading, or unproven information to advertise products to consumers or advertising that does not disclose its source. One form of false advertising is to claim that a product has a health benefit or contains vitamins or minerals that it in fact does not. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_advertising Therefore, the advertising who pretend that do not they are, and told the people about something but they are something else, which is the Misleading advertising.