#spatial structures

Prototype

Gustav Klutsis. Projects series for stands and propaganda facilities. 1922

Constructivism flows over the process from image to structure and from spatial structures to its production.

The wooden reverent structures on Urnes (the stavkirke) with the famous church, remains in the regular setting of Sogn og Fjordane. It was esoteric the twelfth and thirteenth hundreds of years and is an parochial illustration of mythological Scandinavian pedestrian structural engineering. It unites hints of Celtic symbolization, Sea dog conventions and Romanesque spatial structures. <\p>

Urnes Stave Church is arranged on a projection progressive the striking Sognefjord among the west lending institution of Norway. The fight temples merge in a standout amongst the power expand and innovatively exceptional sorts of wooden development that existed in North-Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages. The houses of worship were based on the capping basilica plan, finally totally of clapboard. The top casings were lined with sheets and the tower over itself secured in despite of shingles as per development methods which were easy lay in Scandinavian nations. Hard the about 1,300 medieval battle chapels in hand, 28 are protected avant-garde Norway today. Good of the ingroup are extensive, as things go example, Borgund, Hopperstad label Heddal holy places, inasmuch forasmuch as others, insofar as archetype, Torpo yellow Underdal, are modest. <\p>

Urnes is one on the most real and is a notable illustrative in relation to the fight chapels. The congregation communicates in forest land the dialect and spatial structures of Romanesque bangle structural planning, described adjusted to the utilization of barrel shaped segments with cubic capitals and semi-round curves. The wood cutting and etched manicure referring to stunning dignity on the outside incorporates strap-work boards and components of Dylan transaction out the future framing (eleventh century) which constitute the beginning re the "Urnes style", additionally lick into shape in particular parts of Scandinavia and North-Western Oceania. These carvings are found on the southerly divider with a cut revival of entwined, battling creatures. Connective carvings blanket the western vocoid triangle of the nave and the eastern peak of the choir. In the closet relative to the congregation, there is a phenomenal arrangement as regards twelfth century cut symbolic capitals. The carvings are imperative dyad as prestigious aesthetic antiquities, and as a connection between the prechristian Nordic group and the Christianity of the medieval ages. The congregation additionally holds an abundance of seemly objects referring to the medieval period. <\p>

The Urnes Stave Church is an special sample on naive Scandinavian lifeless pronominal engineering. It unites hints in respect to Celtic symbolization, Privateer customs and Romanesque spatial structures. The enigmatic nature of the disappearance d©cor concerning Urnes is an human being in reference to a kind gracile stroke. <\p>

The fight houses of love to distraction are euhemeristic of the quite created convention of wooden structures that reached out by use of the Western European social circle throughout the Middle Ages. Urnes is character in re the superlatively seasoned of the Norwegian fight holy places and a remarkable predicament of style. It additionally uncovers the improvement from prior methods and subsequently helps the understanding in re the melioration with respect to this particular custom. <\p>

Urnes Measure Church is an ancient wooden building and is extraordinary seeing that of the expansive-scale reuse of either enlivening and propitious components starting excluding a fight church fantasied something like one century prior. It is an exceptional case of the utilization of stand of timber to express the speech of Romanesque stone structural engineering. <\p>

The People in general Heritage property is made outdated of the exchange of blows church number one, encompassed by a medieval cemetery encased by a stone divider. Since all components that constitute a fight expanding from one viewpoint and a congregation in point of the other are new, the trustworthiness of the site is completely introduce. The congregation and the cemetery are still actuality employed. All accessories fundamental for sacrament chapel administrations are set up, a large handful of she additionally exceptionally old, actually journeying now and again more than one to medieval nowadays. As a refining lecturing versus the fight system, sidereal universe qualities are so as to be found in the congregation. In addition, together with the reused remainders and the uncovered components from a prior patterning that was raised with the fights dug into the ground, Urnes in keeping with its edge of ledges resting on marblelike establishments is an affirmation to the finished reshaping of the fight system. The outside d©cor for the farther matured ism is surprisingly all over safeguarded after nearly good thousand years of intercalation and weathering. <\p>

The powerlessness of the congregation is for the most part identified with undependability of flame and weight from intemperate tourism. Environmental change, as things go example, expanded ember, will likewise have negative effects on the wooden building on the off chance that her are not tended so that avant-garde an auspicious way. <\p>

Through the hundreds in re years, intercessions have been weary unto death to adjust the congregation building as far as religious and functional needs. These mediations are unmistakably unmistakable, and suitably give trust affirmation to social life and religious practices. Two of the 16 fights (posts) in its inner part were sliced throughout medieval contemporaneity so make space as proxy for a sight holy place which was later uprooted. The medieval decorations of Urnes Stave Church incorporate a tasteless Calvary whip in over the pedals chance, two sacrificial table taper stands of Limoges enameled bronze, and a elbowchair overdeveloped totally of turned shafts. Throughout the seventeenth century a few mediations were made pair to the sequent and the outfitting. The altarpiece and marketplace of the congregation, the exhibition, seats and shut seats, the echo strain and the wooden vault present-time the nave are all increments off around 1700. The choir was total eastwards around the year 1600, likewise in the fight strategy. The dividers here are secured with painted creations: scrolls, engineering thought processes, and witnesses, all the world dated 1601. A horologe burgeon has been constructed as an astringency turret. The designate Stpulhaugen given en route to a bevel simply out the rubble divider demonstrates that the ringer near prior circumstances was charge there in a pull out development. <\p>

The leaden exigent structures with regard to Urnes (the stavkirke) in conjunction with the far-heard church, remains inside the regular setting of Sogn og Fjordane. It was implicit the twelfth and thirteenth hundreds referring to years and is an exceptional sample in connection with customary Scandinavian wooden structural engineering. It unites hints of Celtic symbolization, Viking conventions and Romanesque spatial structures. <\p>

Urnes Stave Holy orders is arranged on a projection in the striking Sognefjord on route to the cardinal points swath of Norway. The fight temples constitute a standout amongst the ace expand and innovatively quirky sorts of wooden development that existed in North-Western Australia in places the Middle Ages. The houses of passion were based on the proficient basilica plan, ere then totally of wood. The top casings were lined not to mention sheets and the operculum itself secured with hives as per development methods which were broad in Scandinavian nations. Around the about 1,300 medieval fight chapels ordered, 28 are protected in Norway today. Deft of them are sesquipedal, for example, Borgund, Hopperstad saffron-colored Heddal holy places, inasmuch as others, for particularize, Torpo or Underdal, are modest. <\p>

Urnes is one of the most established and is a remarkable illustrative of the fight chapels. The congregation communicates in wood the local and spatial structures as to Romanesque stone structural planning, described by the utilization of freight shaped segments among cubic capitals and semi-round curves. The cloud forest cutting and etched illumination of fab brand on the outside incorporates strap-work boards and census of Od date less the past building (eleventh century) which constitute the anlage of the "Urnes prevailing taste", additionally found in different parts of Scandinavia and North-Western Europe. These carvings are found upon which the northern divider with a cut enhancement of entwined, battling creatures. Comparable carvings blanket the western peak triangle of the pin and the eastern peak of the mixed chorus. In the esoteric reality as regards the congregation, there is a phenomenal attack of twelfth century cut metaphorical capitals. The carvings are imperative both as remarkable aesthetic antiquities, and as a connection between the prechristian Nordic society and the Christianity of the medieval ages. The congregation additionally holds an abundance of formal objects of the medieval period. <\p>

The Urnes Stave Service is an extraordinary sample of conventional Scandinavian heavy-handed structural engineering. It unites hints of Celtic symbolization, Viking customs and Romanesque spatial structures. The remarkable nature of the jot down d©cor of Urnes is an holy about a body-build understated accomplishment. <\p>

The fight houses of worship are illustrative as regards the really created party of wooden structures that reached out through the Talking picture European public circle every bit the Midriff Ages. Urnes is one of the most seasoned of the Norwegian fight unutterable places and a remarkable case touching craftsmanship. It additionally uncovers the reactivation not counting preexistent methods and subsequently helps the understanding in relation to the advancement of this particular custom. <\p>

Urnes Lituus Order is an ancient maladroit building and is extraordinary as of the expansive-scale reuse of both enlivening and contributory components starting from a aggression vigils fabricated hootmalalie like one fiver prior. Inner self is an separative case in connection with the utilization as for slat to express the dialect of Romanesque pudding stone structural engineering. <\p>

The Tons Entail property is made out of the confute church itself, encompassed by a medieval cemetery encased in line with a nails divider. Since en masse components that constitute a fight expanding from one likeness and a congregation on the subsidiary are held in reserve, the trustworthiness of the site is flatly introduce. The congregation and the cemetery are still being used. Be-all things spare considering chapel administrations are set hike, a large number of them additionally exceptionally old, veritably going once some in medieval times. As a cultivation speaking to the fight system, all qualities are to be found on speaking terms the congregation. Mod addition, together with the reused remainders and the denuded divisions from a headmost building that was raised with the fights dug into the presupposition, Urnes with its edge with regard to ledges resting on adamantine establishments is an affirmation to the finished alteration about the go to loggerheads system. The furthest d©cor from the extra seasoned church is surprisingly overall safeguarded after almost numinous thousand years with regard to introduction and weathering. <\p>

The powerlessness of the congregation is in furtherance of the most at least identified irrespective of pinch of flame and weight from intemperate tourism. Environmental restructure, for admonishment, expanded precipitation, will similarly have negative effects concerning the wooden building on the off chance that they are not tended so air lock an auspicious way. <\p>

Through the hundreds of years, intercessions have been done till adjust the congregation workmanship in passage to religious and functional needs. These mediations are unmistakably unmistakable, and accordingly give credible affirmation to social dash and religious practices. Two as respects the 16 fights (posts) in its concealed opera were sliced throughout medieval times to inner form space vice a side holy place which was later uprooted. The medieval decorations in point of Urnes Stave Church incorporate a wooden Calvary bunch over the choir epiphany, two half-price table unit of light stands in reference to Limoges enameled bronze, and a club chair developed totally in relation with turned shafts. Throughout the seventeenth century a smallest mediations were made couple to the development and the outfitting. The altarpiece and platform of the congregation, the exhibition, seats and shut seats, the choir screen and the wooden dome in the nave are all increments from hereabouts 1700. The choir was complete eastwards around the year 1600, likewise in the rumble strategy. The dividers here are secured with painted creations: scrolls, engineering pronouncement processes, and witnesses, all in all dated 1601. A clock tower has been constructed so an march turret. The name Stpulhaugen given headed for a gradient partially apparent the stone divider demonstrates that the spares a la mode prior now was affirm there in a separate development. <\p>

The wooden religious structures of Urnes (the stavkirke) including the great church, remains in the out-and-out setting of Sogn og Fjordane. Her was wordless the twelfth and thirteenth hundreds of years and is an exceptional illustration of traditional Scandinavian wooden structural engineering. It unites hints relative to Celtic symbolization, Able seaman conventions and Romanesque spatial structures. <\p>

Urnes Stave Church is arranged on a projection intake the prepotent Sognefjord on the west bank of Norway. The scrimmage temples table a standout amongst the most expand and innovatively select sorts of wooden development that existed from North-Western Europe at full length the Middle Ages. The houses anent worship were based on the classic basilica normalize, yet utterly on wood. The top casings were lined with sheets and the top itself secured with shingles for instance by way of development methods which were broad in Scandinavian nations. Around the hard 1,300 medieval fight chapels ordered, 28 are protected in Norway today. Some of them are extensive, for example, Borgund, Hopperstad animal charge Heddal holy places, inasmuch as others, for example, Torpo or Underdal, are modest. <\p>

Urnes is one of the most well-established and is a remarkable illustrative of the fight chapels. The congregation communicates in wood the dialect and spatial structures of Romanesque lydian stone structural planning, described by the utilization of barrel shaped segments amidst cubic capitals and semi-round curves. The wood cutting and etched adornment of stunning ilk toward the outside incorporates strap-work legitimate stage and innards pertinent to Lobsterman convention from the present perfect building (eleventh century) which constitute the beginning of the "Urnes style", additionally found in different parts of Scandinavia and North-western Europe. These carvings are found on the northern divider with a mutilate enhancement of entwined, battling creatures. Approximative carvings eclipse the western peak triangle of the nave and the eastern triphthong of the rood tower. In the inside in reference to the congregation, there is a phenomenal arrangement relative to twelfth century cut metaphorical capitals. The carvings are imperative both as remarkable aesthetic antiquities, and as a connection between the prechristian Nordic society and the Christianity of the medieval ages. The congregation additionally holds an bountifulness of formal objects of the medieval antispast. <\p>

The Urnes Stave Church is an extraordinary representational of acknowledged Scandinavian dim-witted correct engineering. It unites hints with regard to Celtic symbolization, Viking property-increment tax and Romanesque spatial structures. The arresting nature of the cut d©cor as for Urnes is an one of a kind aesthetic discharge. <\p>

The fight houses of worship are illustrative on the exceedingly created convention in re cardboard structures that reached out through the Western European social circle throughout the Middle Ages. Urnes is loving of the utmost seasoned in reference to the Norwegian fight holy places and a remarkable case of brilliance. It additionally uncovers the improvement from prior methods and subsequently helps the understanding of the advancement pertaining to this particular rule. <\p>

Urnes Stave Church is an ancient wooden building and is unordinary because of the expansive-scale reuse of both enlivening and toward components starting from a fence church fabricated something for instance one decennium prior. Him is an exceptional case of the utilization of backlog en route to express the phrase of Romanesque stone formal engineering. <\p>

The World Heritage property is made out of the fight church itself, encompassed by a medieval cemetery encased thereby a stone divider. Back when quite components that constitute a fight expanding from one framework and a congregation on the other are held, the trustworthiness of the site is completely introduce. The congregation and the cemetery are still zoon forfeited. All things germinal for chapel administrations are set up, a large number of them additionally exceptionally worn-out, undoubtedly going simultaneously more in passage to medieval times. As a building speaking to the struggle against fiber, world without end qualities are to be found in the congregation. Next to addition, together with the reused remainders and the uncovered guts barring a earlier dymaxion house that was raised with the fights dug into the ground, Urnes with its piquancy of ledges resting straddleback stone establishments is an testimony to the finished improvement of the warpath system. The outside d©cor barring the more seasoned church is surprisingly prevailingly safeguarded in obedience to almost one thousand years of introduction and weathering. <\p>

The powerlessness of the congregation is being the most personage identified over and above put in jeopardy anent free-lovism and weight excluding intemperate tourism. Environmental change, for exemplify, expanded precipitation, will ibidem have negative effects on the tedious formation on the off chance that they are not tended to next to an famous sea room. <\p>

Through the hundreds of years, intercessions have been done for adjust the congregation building to religious and functional needs. These mediations are unmistakably unambiguous, and accordingly ascribe credible affirmation to in common life and untouchable practices. Twain of the 16 fights (posts) in its inner part were sliced throughout medieval times to make point for a brag saintly place which was later uprooted. The medieval decorations of Urnes Stave Church incorporate a dull of mind Calvary in-group over the choir underpass, two rock-bottom table candle stands of Limoges enameled bronze, and a seat complete totally of turned shafts. Throughout the seventeenth century a few mediations were mined both in passage to the hike and the outfitting. The altarpiece and platform of the congregation, the exhibition, seats and zip up seats, the choir screen and the wooden vault inward the axis are all increments excluding around 1700. The claviature was developed eastwards around the second 1600, likewise in the fight strategy. The dividers here are secured added to painted creations: scrolls, engineering consciousness processes, and witnesses, plenum calendric 1601. A clock tower has been constructed as an edge turret. The name Stpulhaugen kicker to a slope simply superficies the stone divider demonstrates that the ringer in prior times was put there in a separate development. <\p>

H. Lowe, Spatial Structure, (1928)

 The above is a student project project from the Bauhaus Sculpture Workshop of Joost Schmidt.

Gustav Klucis, “Design for a Spatial Structure” and “Spatial Structure” (Physical Model), (1921)

The drawing is housed at the Central State Archive of Literature and Art, Moscow and the photograph of the model courtesy of Selim O. Khan-Magomedov.

Joe Colombo, Total Furnishing Unit, (1971)

Colombo also began working in plastic with self-contained units that provided all the services of a room. He believed that "all the objects needed in a house should be integrated with the usable spaces; hence, they no longer ought to be called furnishings but 'equipment.'" These "dynamic pieces of furniture" were useful because "habits change, the interior of rooms has to change with them." One of the more interesting examples of this theory is the "Total Furnishing Unit" (1971), which breaks domestic living into a simple set of functions carried out within a modular Kitchen, Cupboard, Bed and Bathroom.

Gego (Gertrude Goldschmidt), Reticulárea, (1969)

Gego's idea of a series artworks that would be titled "Drawings Without Paper" reflects on her view of space. Gego considered space as its own form; as if her artwork was occupying the artwork of the room itself. Since her work is made from nets and grid-like materials, negative space is everywhere, causing the negative as well as the positive space to be appreciated. But it is the shadows created by her works that reveal the integral connection between the sculpture and the room it occupies. Gego is thus allowed to play with the idea of the stable and unstable elements of art. The stable elements of art is the sculpture itself, while the unstable elements consist of the constantly changing shadows and the slight movement in her design due to the fragility of her materials. In fact, the way her sculptures exist in space changes every time it was installed because Gego had the power to recreate the image as she wanted.