#rna seq

Seeing the Future

Do you wish you could see the future? One area where you probably do want to know what’s going to happen is predicting whether cells in the breast are likely to develop into breast cancer and how they will respond to treatment. But given that there are many different types of cells in breast tissue – including the lining cells (pink), immune cells (blue) and fat cells (black) shown in this image of a mouse mammary gland – this isn’t a simple job. Breast tissue also changes as a woman goes through life, making it hard to spot the signs that something is going awry. By creating a detailed catalogue of patterns of gene activity in more than 15,000 individual human and mouse breast cells, researchers are looking for clues that will reveal whether cancer is likely to develop, pointing to new ideas for preventing or treating the disease in the future.

Written by Kat Arney

Image from the Dos Santos Lab, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA

Image copyright held by the original authors

Research published in Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, May 2021

Genomics:

What is Genomics?

In 1970s Scientist Found the DNA Series of Simple Living Life. It is Branch Of Science, Based on Anatomy, Drawing, Function, Progress, and Modification of Genome. Genomics is Complete Study of the Genomes of Creatures. A Genome is Entire Set of Creatures DNA, Containing All of Its Genes. Its Key Task is Find The Complete Series of DNA or Structure of the Molecules that Build the DNA and the Chemical Chain Between The DNA Molecules. DNA Sequencing Knowledge is Not Only Very essential For The Biological Research But Equally Important in Medical, Medicine, Biotechnology & In Forensic Research etc.

Following are the Key Genomic Research Areas:

1. Meta-Genomics: MetaGenomics is Study of Genetic Substance Which is Gain or Cultivated From Environmental Pattern/Sample. It is Also Known as Ecogenomics, Community Genomics, and Environmental Genomics.

2. Human Genomics: As Name Suggested Human Genomics Is Concentrate on Study of Human Genome Sequence. The Human Genomics is the Entire Set of Nucleic Acid Sequences for Humans, It Found in DNA Within the Pair of 23 Chromosomes in Cell Nuclei and Small DNA Molecule Found separately in Mitochondria.

3. Bacteriophage Genomics: It is Also Known As Phage, it is Study of Genomics Which Infect Bacteria. Phages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria Occurs. Bacteria Found in Soil or the animal's intestines.

4. Pharmacogenomics: This is Branch Of Genomics Studies, Learn About the Impact of Genetic Changes on the Drugs Efficiency and Toxicity, and Plays Very Key Role in Optimization of Medicine Therapy.

5. Cyanobacteria genomics: This is Area of genomic Investigation is Focusing on the study of cyanobacteria, a phylum of bacteria which get Strength through photosynthesis.

Bioinformatics:

What is Bioinformatics?

Bioinformatics is the Application of Information Technology, Used to Generate Methods and Software Tool For getting Knowledge of Biological data or Living Things. It is Used For Solving Biological Problems.

Bioinformatics is helpful for Create and Implements Computer Programs That Gives Access to Handle, Use and Manage the Information. it is Also Helpful to Develop New Algorithms and Statical Measures That Is Very Useful to Access Large Data.

1. Functional Gene Annotations / Genome Annotation: Gene Annotation is the Action of recognizing the Place of Genes and Entire Coding Zone in a Genome and Find What Those Genes Actually Do.

There Are Three Main Steps For Genome Annotation:

a. Recognize Section of Genome That does not Code For Proteins.

b. Recognise Elements of the  Genome, A action Called Gene Prediction.

c. Connect Biological Information to These Elements.

2. Next-generation sequencing (NGS): It is Fresh Process for Sequencing Genome at High Speed & Less Cost. Next Generation Sequencing  Also Called Second Generation Sequencing(SGS) or Massively Parallel Sequencing(MPS). NGS Generate a Large Amount of Sequence Data. NGS Plays Key Role in the Big Y Test From Family Tree DNA & Y Prime, Y-Elite & While Genome Test From Full Genomes Corporation. The Mitochondrial DNA full Series test uses next-generation sequencing technology (NGS).

3. Gene / Orf Prediction: An Gene/ Orf Prediction is the Element of Reading Frame That Has Capacity to Translated.

4. Genome alignment and Analysis: In Bioinformatics, Sequence Analysis is the Action of Subject to RNA, & DNA. Methods applied for Sequence Alignment, Searches Opposite Biological Database.

5. Multiple sequence alignment: MSA is Normally the Alignment of Three Or More than three Biological Sequences of Equal Length, Generally Protein, RNA & DNA.

6. BLAST / BLAT Data Analysis: Blat is Pairwise Sequence Alignment Algorithm Was Created By Jim Kent At UCSC in the 2000s to Help the Assembly & Notation of Human Genome.

A) Gene Expression:

Gene Expression is the Activity by which the Commands in Our DNA are Transforms into a Functional Product, Like Protein.

The Human Genome Contains Entire Genetic Information of the Organism As DNA Sequences Save in 23 Chromosomes, Design That Are Arranged From DNA & Proteins. DNA Molecule has Composed 2 Edges That From The Ionic  Double-Helix “Twisted Ladder”, Whose Backbone, Which is Created by Sucrose & Phosphate Molecules, is  Attached by Horizontal of Nitrogen-Consisting Bases.

DNA is Made of  Four Various Bases: 1) Adenine 2) Thymine 3) Cytosine 4) Guanine.

The Bases Are Everytime Paired Such as Adenine Joins Thymine & Cytosine Joins Guanine.

The Representation of DNA Sequence on a Computer, We Require to be able to Denote all Four Bases Pair Probabilities in Binary Format i.e. 0 & 1. Four DNA  Base pairs Illustrate One Byte or 8 bits.

A Gene is a Strain Of DNA Which Encodes Data or Information. Genomic DNA Contains Two Reverse Complementary & Antiparallel Strands, Every One Having ‘5’ & ‘3’ ends.

B) Micro RNA:

A Micro RNA is Tiny Non-Coding RNA Unit Occurs in Animals, Plants & in Some Viruses, it Contain 22 Nucleotides. A cancellous RNA chip That Blocks the Making of Specific Protein by Building and Destructing the Traveler RNA That Would Have Created Protein. Commonly Micro-RNA is Used For Gene Silencing.

MicroRNA, First Found in Caenorhabditis Elegans, is Discovered in Most Eukaryotes, Accept Humans.

miRNA Have Important Function in Regularization of Various Actions in Mammals. They Serve a Key & Strong Tool in Gene Regulation & Thus a Prospective Novel Class of Therapeutic Aim. Micro-RNA Perform Radically Preserved Improvement Role & Different Physiological Role in Animal. MiRNAs Mostly Possess Restricted complementarity With Ther Aim mRNAs in Animals, But Yet Adequate to Adjust Various Physiological Actions. It Has Been Recommended That They Reduce The Primary Step of the Transformation Process, Which May Followed by Micro RNA  Degeneration.

C) PAN Genome:

A PAN Genome or Supra-Genome Explains the Entire Complement of Gene's ina Clade, Which Can Have Huge Changes in Gene Content Among Nearly Related Ecotypes & Strains.

OpenPan Genome:

Number of Genes of Pngenome Grow with the Number of Plus Sequenced Strains.

Usually, Class That Live in More Than One environment of Hybrid Microbial Family Have Multiple Routes to Interchanging Genetic Material, and Hence Constantly Increase Their Total Group of Genes.

Example: Escherichia Coli.

Closed Pangenome:

After Given Sequenced Strains, Plus Strains Don’t Serve New Genes to The Categories Pangenome.

A cease Pangenome is Usually for Class That Lives in Rare With Limited liberty to The Universal Microbial Gene Pool. For Those Class, a Little Number of Sequenced Strains Already Cover The Full Pangenome.

Example: Bacillus anthracis

Advantages if Pan Genome:

1) It Represents Strains by Their Separate Gene Group.

2) Invent vaccines Verses Pathogenic Strains.

3) Find, Searching, Identification & tacking of New Strains in Metagenomics Samples.  

D) Alternative Splicing:

Differential Splicing or Alternative Splicing is a Keep Action During Gene Expression That OutComes in One Gene Coding For More Than One Proteins. In This Action, Specific Exons of a Gene May be Contained Within or Closed Out From the Final, Actions Messenger RNA (mRNA ) Created From Thet Genes.  

Functions of Alternative Splicing:

1) The Most Important Function of Alternative Splicing is to Improve the Diversity of mRNAs  Definite From the Genome.

2) Alternative Splicing  Modify Proteins Encoded by mRNAs, Which Has Deep Functional appearances.

3) observational deconstruction of These Proteins Isoforms Showed That Choice Splicing Regulates Building Between Proteins & NucleicAcid as Well as Between Proteins & Membranes.

E) Chip-on-Chip:

Chip-on-chip is Application That Unites Chromatin immunoprecipitation with Microarray. Chip-on-chip is Used to Examine Relation Between Protein & DNA Vivo. Usually, It Permits The Searching of The Cistrome, The Sum of Building Sites, For DNA-Building Proteins on a Genome-Wide Basis. Complete Genome Analysis Can be accomplished to Know the Place of Building Sites for Almost Any Protein of Interest.

F) DNA methylation:

DNA Methylation is Action by Which Methyl Sets Are Added to DNA Molecule. Methylation Can Modify the Action of DNA Section Without Modify Sequence.