🌴 British ferns London: Lovell Reeve & Co., 1866.
Original source
Image description: Illustration of British ferns from 1866, depicting two main fern specimens with detailed fronds and root structures. The left fern shows multiple green and brown segmented leaves with visible sori (spore clusters) along the underside, accompanied by an inset drawing of spores. The right fern features tall, slender green fronds with curled young leaves and reproductive structures. The artwork highlights the ferns’ varied leaf shapes, textures, and spore-producing features, characteristic of Pteridophyta. The image is hand-colored, showcasing botanical accuracy and classical scientific illustration style.
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i read your pinned post please tell me about the pteridophytes :)
OKAY
hm so pteridophytes are a type of vascular plant (it has a vascular system, transporting glucose and water around the plant), and they reproduce using spores WHICH IS COOL IMO!
ferns, lycophytes (clubmosses) and horsetails (mostly grouped in with ferns) are all pteridophytes! (i will put in pictures lol) idk why i find it so cool that ferns use spores to reproduce but i REALLY DO!
because they don't reproduce using flowers or seeds like a lot of plants, they sometimes get referred to as cryptogams (meaning their means of reproduction is hidden). the group pteridophyte is a bit questionable though because ferns and horsetails are more closely related to seed plants than they are to lycophytes, but they still somehow fall into the same group which i find cute :]
top left is a lycophyte, top right is a horsetail and bottom is a hard fern (a blechnum)
okay uh i hope this is what you asked for lol you seem really cool
terrestrial plant with no flowers or bulbs sporangia present
Herbs reproducing by spores released directly from sporangia, the sporangia variously located [on abaxial leaf  face, [LYCOPHYTES and FERNS]
Plant terrestrial l; leaf 1-2 pinnate,; sporangia borne on aerial portion of leaf
Leaves all alike or nearly so, the fertile [sporangium-bearing] blades very similar in size and shape to sterile blades sporangia borne on underside of leaf  blade, new leaves generally coiled, unrolling as they develop
Sori borne away from margin on underside of leaf  or leaflet, sporangia clustered in distinct sori; indusia present
Sori ± round
Blade without needle-like hairs
Indusium peltate  or round-reniform, attached ± in center of sorus , generally present and readily observable in late-season specimens ..... DRYOPTERIDACEAE
- Indusium peltate , centrally attached, without a sinus
- Veins generally free, rarely ± joined; leaf 1–3-pinnate, teeth, generally including bristle-like tips, < 4 mm ..... POLYSTICHUM
-Leaf generally 1-pinnate, rarely to partly 2-pinnate; pinnae generally simple, ± entire to serrate, in Polystichum kruckebergii sometimes 1-lobe
Leaf 10–120(200) cm; pinnae simple
Proximal pinnae ovate to lanceolate , ± = to ± 2/3 longest; stipe generally 1/5–1/2 blade
Stipe base scales lanceolate, ± 2–3 mm wide, those above proximal pinnae generally < 1 mm wide, falling early; pinnae ± in 1 plane or not; indusium ± entire to toothed ..... P. imbricans
DESCRIPTION
Rhizome: generally suberect to erect, often stout
Stipe/petiole: generally 1/5--1/2 of blade Stout, firm, generally densely scaly, base scales +- 2--3 mm wide, lanceolate, those above proximal pinnae generally, ×-section with many round vascular strands in an arc.
Blade: narrow-lanceolate to -elliptic, 1-pinnate,, proximal pinnae reduced or not, thin to leathery, scaly, veins generally free, rarely +- jointed; pinna bases often wider acroscopically; teeth, generally including bristle-like tip
Sporangia: sori round; indusium peltate [0 or reniform], sinus 0. indusium +- entire to toothed
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