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Hello fellow geology enthusiasts! I've finished my structural class and have now put some of my homework on my redbubble! link is to the socks version >:3 Enjoy!
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The simplest kind of fault When rocks tear and break they can do so in a variety of ways, depending on whether they are being pulled apart (aka extension to geologists), pushed together (compression) or slid alongside each other (strike slip, like the San Andreas) by the tectonic forces affecting the area. This example is a normal fault from Iran, produced by pull apart forces, at least on a local level. The layers pick out very well the block of rock that has dropped between two others, and the two fault lines bordering it. The tectonics in Iran are complex, the main forces are compressive as Arabia separates from Africa and is in a slow motion collision that is closing the Persian Gulf. As the rock is pushed out of the way and uplifted to form mountains such as the Zagros range some regions are twisting and buckling in a rotatory motion, leading to local extensive forces and normal faulting. Loz Image credit: https://twitter.com/HaakonFossen
Making little things for my Field Methods exam tomorrow and enjoyed this one.
The Straight Wall This shot compiled from images taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter shows a large, partially destroyed crater known as the Ancient Thebit crater (the well-defined crater at the right is known as Thebit). At the center of the large crater is a famous spot known to lunar telescope observers known as Rupes Recta, which translates from Latin as the “Straight Cliff”. It is also more commonly known as the “Straight Wall”.
2000: Fault scarp in the hills above Lastros, eastern Crete. Better photos can be found here. A paper, which is free to download, on the Lastros-Safka graben of which this fault is a part, is here.
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Cinder cone volcano (~32,500 years old) at the north end of Snow Canyon State Park, north of St. George, Utah. The volcano sits on Lower Jurassic (~180 million year old) Navajo Sandstone, which comprises the red and buff outcrops behind the volcano. This is one of two closely spaced cinder cones that produced the Santa Clara aa basalt flows. Several cinder cones, ranging in age from 2.1 million to 32,500 years old, dot the landscape from Grand Canyon through western Utah, created by decompression melting as this area, at the eastern margin of the Basin and Range Province of North America, is being pulled slowly apart.
Piecing together an outcrop
This is a wall of sedimentary rocks exposed in Utah that has had a geologist take a pen to it. The digitally sketched lines mark specific beds that you can track across the outcrop as a method of reconstructing the motion on the faults.
Take a look at the rocks above and below the red line. Everywhere you see it, the red line marks the top of a gray/white colored sandstone unit. The purple line just above that marks a coal bed that sits atop a sequence of more fine-grained mudstones.
That sequence of rocks repeats at different elevations throughout this outcrop with faults in-between. Some of the layers have been tilted by the faults, some have not. The faults found here dip both ways, a commonly seen feature of faults produced by the fact that rocks often break at different angles.
These rocks have been extended, pulled apart by tectonic forces that created normal faults at this spot. See the fault that curves towards flat at the bottom of the outcrop? That’s a common shape for normal faults, they bend horizontal with depth in a geometry we call “Listric faulting”.
The state of Utah has been pervasively pulled apart over the past 30 million years as part of the Basin and Range extension (http://tmblr.co/Zyv2Js1JkP4qs ).
-JBB
Image credit: https://flic.kr/p/dfhDtC
