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WIP of a pair of Neandertal women on morning watch duty, one distracted by an owl flying past and the other too focused on the ground to notice it. Long way to go for this piece, I'll probably render clothes for them eventually once I figure out what those should look like. Photopea, 2025
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On Bruniquel Cave
My dear anon, you've no idea of the massive research spiral this induced. I also found an interesting missing possible-Neandertal near the site. This is going to be very long already so the "discovery" will be a separate post, with the general history and debate under the cut.
Did you know that neanderthals got their Y chromosome from early modern humans?! Neither did scientists, until now!
Early modern humans and neanderthals competed with each other for food and territory, but sometimes also got really cosy. They already exchanged genes more than 100 000 years ago. Scientists have now discovered that this interbreeding led to the original Y chromosome of neanderthals being replaced by that of early modern humans.
So the Y chromosome of early modern humans just completely wiped out its neanderthal counterpart! How is that even possible? Probably the sapiens-Y-chromosome gave a selective advantage and replaced all neanderthal-Y-chromosomes over time. For this study in Science, DNA from a tooth of one of "our" Spy neanderthals was analyzed!
One scientist has measured the chemical makeup of decaying meat. She’s comparing it against what’s in fossil bones to figure out what Neandertals ate.
WASHINGTON, D.C. — Kimberly Foecke has a great relationship with her local butcher. She buys lots of organic meat — then lets it rot. Go really bad. What’s she’s learning may help her better understand what Neandertals ate.
Foecke undertakes experimental putrefaction (Pyoo-truh-FACK-shun). That, she explains, is “a fancy way of saying, I rot meat — all day, every day.” Foecke is a paleobiologist at George Washington University in Washington, D.C.
Neandertals (Nee-AN-dur-tals) are an extinct species of hominid that was closely related to humans. They lived in Europe and parts of Asia from about 200,000 years ago until about 28,000 years ago. Scientists have a lot of questions about how they lived, including what they ate.
Researchers know Neandertals ate a lot of meat because much of the nitrogen in the hominids’ fossil bones tends to be a heavy form known as nitrogen-15, or 15N. 15N is least abundant in plants. Animals tend to have far more because their enzymes (or those of the food-digesting microbes in their guts) have a preference for breaking down molecules that have nitrogen-14 (or 14N). So when an animal eats plants with 15N, the chemical tends to accumulate in them. When that animal becomes the prey of another, the predator takes in even more 15N. In this way, 15N becomes more concentrated as nitrogen moves up the food chain.
The more meat an animal — including some hominid — eats, the higher the share of 15N their bones will tend to have.
But exactly how much meat Neandertals ate is somewhat controversial. So is the question of what else they dined on. Evidence such as tooth scrapings suggests Neandertals ate a variety of plants. But the high ratio of 15N to 14N in their bones points to their having eaten “an unreasonably huge amount of meat,” says Foecke. Their levels can exceed what’s seen in top carnivores, such as hyenas. Those critters eat little other than meat.
Foecke thinks the high 15N levels in their bones may be explained not just by how much meat Neandertals ate, but also how fresh it had been. Whether meat was eaten fresh or rotten, raw or cooked, might influence the ratio of 15N to 14N that ends up in bones. That’s why she’s measuring nitrogen in beef. She’s trying to pin down the chemical changes meat undergoes as it rots.
Grocery store steaks wouldn’t cut it for this experiment. Instead, Foecke calls her butcher in Maryland. The butcher makes sure that the steaks she receives are fresh and from animals raised on an organic diet. By that she means those animals must not have had added hormones or antibiotics. She wants those animals to be as close as possible to what Neandertals would have hunted 200,000 years ago.
Foecke places the meat in a mesh-covered box in her family’s backyard, or sometimes in a greenhouse. Then she leaves them to rot for 16 days. She samples nitrogen values in the meat daily. (In future, she plans to sample for even longer periods.)
Her early results suggest that 15N ratios vary as meat rots. In the first week, the share of nitrogen that’s 15N tends to increase. The meat is moist, she notes. So the microbes in it are busy breaking down the lighter 14N faster than the 15N. This meat smells “pretty terrible,” Foecke admits. Over time, however, the stench diminishes. At the same time, the meat blackens and becomes more jerkylike.
She reported her findings December 14 at the American Geophysical Union meeting, here, in Washington, D.C.
This research suggests that eating rotting meat could at least partly explain the high 15N levels in Neandertal fossils. And that makes sense, Foecke says. Neandertals weren’t always feasting on fresh grub. Especially after they killed a large animal, its carcass might last many days. Foecke also is measuring what happens chemically as she cooks or smokes meat. These are food-prep steps that Neandertals might have taken that also might affect 15N.
The new analysis, enabled by a remarkably well-preserved genome taken from a 52,000 year old bone fragment, is now the second Neanderthal genome to be fully sequenced in high fidelity. The resulting study, now published in Science, confirms a bunch of things we already knew about Neanderthals, while also revealing some things we didn’t know.
A international team of researchers has completed one of the most detailed analyses of a Neanderthal genome to date. Among the many new findings, the researchers learned that Neanderthals first mated with modern humans a surprisingly long time ago, and that humans living today have more Neanderthal DNA than we assumed.
Continue Reading.
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Honestly I'm so ugly that'd I'd say I look like a Neanderthal but that'd just be rude to them
if ur white it may just be the neandertal in you making ya face that way
Genes inherited from Neanderthals may have made some modern humans heartier, but also more prone to depression and other diseases.
It’s the oldest dental plaque ever to be genetically analyzed. Yes, people do get excited about such things. And with good reason. Dental plaque harvested from five Neandertal specimens, found at cave sites in Belgium and Spain, are now yielding some fascinating clues into the diets of our closely-related hominids.
Writing in the journal Nature, scientists report:
At Spy cave, Belgium, Neanderthal diet was heavily meat based and included woolly rhinoceros and wild sheep (mouflon), characteristic of a steppe environment. In contrast, no meat was detected in the diet of Neanderthals from El Sidrón cave, Spain, and dietary components of mushrooms, pine nuts, and moss reflected forest gathering.
The specimens also yielded something else interesting: Neandertals may have used herbal remedies to feel better.
Scientists report one sample, from a Neandertal suffering from a jaw abscess, contained poplar. That’s a tree containing salicylic acid, a natural ingredient which paved the way for modern day Aspirin.
“Apparently, Neandertals possessed a good knowledge of medicinal plants and their various anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties,” said study co-author Alan Cooper in a news release. “Certainly our findings contrast markedly with the rather simplistic view of our ancient relatives in popular imagination.”
(Image Credit: Image credit: Paleoanthropology Group MNCN-CSIC)
