For centuries, the Catholic Church was the main patron of automataâelaborate mechanisms, often driven by springs, that were the precursors to present-day robots. âNot only did automata appear first and most commonly in churches and cathedrals, the idea as well as the technology of human-machinery was indigenously Catholic,â writes Stanfordâs Jessica Riskin in her marvelous essay, âMachines in the Garden.â
Automata, according to Riskin, âpeopled the landscape of late medieval and early modern Europe,â which was âpositively humming with mechanical vitality.â Church-commissioned clockmakers built mechanical angels and demons to decorate altars; âautomaton Christsâmuttering, grimacing, blinking on the crossâwere especially popular.â Some churches even had automatic heretics. A mechanical moorâs head once hung in the cathedral in Barcelona, the expression on its face changing with the intensity of the organ music.