#material matters

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Tara Donovan in ‘Material Matters’ at pacegallery.com

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I’ll have to scold my past self for that one. Not only did I leave the footnote for that statement lacking, but I think I made some assumptions. You see, the Norse usually didn’t distinguish between arm rings and, well, ‘normal’ rings. The same word, hringr, is used for both and only context (which is often lacking) tells us where it was worn.(1) Other words, like baugr, are also used for both bracelets and rings—but with some extra baggage.(2) Some sources use the more specific fingrgull (let. finger-gold), but that really isn’t helpful.(3)

All of that is to say: when my past, less-experienced self said “rings worn on the finger,” I wasn’t looking carefully at the Old Norse in question. As for the legends I referred to in my footnote for that claim, The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki and Otter’s Ransom (contained within The Saga of the Volsungs)—the ‘original’ texts (let’s not even get into manuscript variation, please) both use hringr.(4) With that out of the way, though, I can go a little deeper into the translations (because, let’s face it, my Old Norse isn’t good enough for that level of an in-depth take for this question).

The Ring in Chapter 7 and 8 of The Saga of Hrolf Kraki(5)

This particular passage is a bit too long for me to share it in full. I was tempted, but I don’t want any trouble coming my way from posting too much. That said, I’ll quote the important bits and summarize the rest:

“A ring owned by King Helgi was a widely famed treasure.”

—but his brother, King Hroar, wants it.

“I want the ring, the one that is the best treasure in your possession and that both of us would like to own.”

You’d think trouble would start here, but the brothers settle things amicably—that is, until this guy comes around:

“Next came the news that Jarl Saevil had died and that his son Hrok had then assumed rule. Hrok was a cruel and exceptionally greedy man.”

Remember the “exceptionally greedy” part for the end of my answer. It’s important. But anyway, he ends up being goaded by his mother (another large topic in Norse discourse) to demand a reward from King Helgi for helping him and his brother get vengeance for their father. The only problem? He’s ridiculous.

“He demanded a third of the Danish kingdom or the great ring.”

King Helgi tells him to f*** off. Of course he won’t give such a large slice of his hard-earned kingdom to this loser, but he also shrugs off the whole ring thing with a simple “my bro has it now.” So Hrok goes to Hroar next, obviously. Here’s how that one goes:

“The king responded, ‘I have given so much to get this ring that I will by no means part with it.’

Naturally.

Hrok said, ‘Then you must allow me to look at it, as I am very curious to know whether the ring is as much of a treasure as is claimed.’

Suspicious?

‘That is a small thing to do for you,’ said Hroar, ‘and I will certainly let you look at it.’ He then produced the ring for Hrok to see.

Bad move.

“For a while Hrok studied the ring, declaring finally that there was no possibility of exaggeration when describing it. ‘I have never seen a comparable treasure, and the reason you esteem the ring so highly is obvious. The best solution, it seems to me, is that neither of us, or, for that matter, anyone else should enjoy it.’ He then threw the ring as far out as he could into the sea.”

A bunch of violence, death, and vengeance follows. You know, the good stuff.

The Ring in Chapter 14 of The Saga of the Volsungs(6)

“Loki saw all the gold that Andvari owned. And after he had taken all of it, Andvari still had one single ring, and Loki took that from him as well. The dwarf then hid inside a stone and said that this ring and the gold would cause the death of everyone who owned it.”

In both cases, the ring in question is never explicitly said to be “worn on the finger.” That’s my (past) bad. But, to be honest, it doesn’t really matter here? If we put ourselves in a Norse mindset, a ring is a ring no matter where it is worn. Unless a specific placement is mentioned, I don’t think we’re supposed to care about that. What mattered more, I deem, was the material (gold vs silver), design (size and intricacy probably mattered), and source (i.e. former owner) of the ring.

As for the “important roles” they played in Norse legends, it kind of depends. Norse rings typically embody one’s status (wealth, resources, position) or social relationships (connections to other powerful people, places, etc.). In the case of the legends recounted above, however, they both act as symbols of greed (at the surface level); but there’s an important commentary being made when you put those two things together (aka look a bit deeper): the authors of these later medieval sagas used stories with old roots and objects everyone would be familiar with to show that these rings (and social structures) destroy bonds as much, if not more than, they create them.

But that’s just my personal take.

I hope that clears things up a little, though, my anonymous friend! If not, feel free to send another ask. There’s a lot to say about Norse rings, but I’d rather not write a giant essay all at once (anymore).

— fjörn

Footnotes

To be clear, this word is used for literally anything ring-shaped.

This term, baugr, is usually used in the context of money, kings, and the ‘gift-giving’ economy. The function of a ring described with this particular word, then, is even more transactional. To share a quote from an article: “The term baugr proves the existence of a special type of fee or wage for particular persons who were retainers (and maybe poets?) of the king or ruler. The baugr itself was only awarded by the ruler himself.” See Antje Wendt, “Viking Age Gold Rings and the Question of ‘Gefolgschaft’,” Lund Archaeological Review 13-14 (2008): 75-90.

I say “not helpful” because this term, while interesting, is used far less often than the more common hringr or baugr.

For the ring in The Saga of Hrolf Kraki (chapters 7-8): “Helgi konungr átti hring…” and The Saga of the Volsungs (chapter 14) : “…er hann hafði fram reitt gullið þá hafði hann eftir einn hring…” Although I obtained these versions from an Icelandic site (snerpa.is), I think it still satisfies our needs for this discussion.

Jesse Byock trans., The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki (Penguin, 1998), 109-113 (chapters 7-8).

Jackson Crawford trans., The Saga of the Volsungs with The Saga of Ragnar Lothbrok (Hackett Publishing, 2017), 26 (chapter 14).

If I’m wrong about something, please call me out. Nicely, if possible—but always with sources.