#matamba

These Questions are the result of suggestions a the previous iteration.This category may include suggestions made too late to fall into the correct earlier time grouping. In some cases a culture lasted a really long time and I grouped them by whether it was likely the later or earlier grouping made the most sense with the information I had. (Invention ofs tend to fall in an earlier grouping if it's still open. Ones that imply height of or just before something tend to get grouped later, but not always. Sometimes I'll split two different things from the same culture into different polls because they involve separate research goals or the like).

Queen Nzinga- An African queen and warrior who defended her people from slave traders for thirty years until her death.

Njinga of Ndongo and Matamba - The queen who held the Portuguese at bay

Njinga (1582-1663) was a warrior queen who ruled over the kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba (in modern-day Angola). She fought against the Portuguese and managed to preserve her people’s independence. 

Njinga was the daughter of the king of Ndongo. When she was born, her country was already at war with the Portuguese who had established a coastal trading colony in 1575. The relations between the two countries were friendly at first, but ultimately degenerated into armed conflict due to the Portuguese ambitions of gaining economic and military control of the region. 

Though Njinga would become the first woman to rule over her people, women nonetheless played an important role at court. As a child, Njinga sat at her father’s council and displayed physical and intellectual prowess. She was particularly skilled with weapons, especially the battle axe that was the royal symbol of Ndongo. Her ability with the battle axe and performing military dances remained impressive even when she was in her seventies. She was already a military leader in her own right before accessing to the throne.

Her bother Ngola Mbande took power in 1617. Since Njinga’s only son was a potential rival, he had him killed. He then ordered to have Njinga and her sisters sterilized. Ngola fought against the Portuguese without success. When a new governor arrived in 1621, he sent his sister Njinga to negotiate with him. 

When Njinga entered the Portuguese governor’s tent, there was no chair for her. Njinga wanted to deal with him as an equal and thus refused to sit on the floor. She ordered a female slave to kneel on her hands and knees and sat on her back during the whole process. Njinga then successfully negotiated a peace treaty on her brother’s behalf. 

Ngola Mbande died in 1624. The Portuguese said that Njinga had poisoned him while Angolan oral history states that he committed suicide in a moment of despair. Njinga then poisoned Ngola’s son and became Ndongo’s first female ruler. She then took a number of symbolic measures to strengthen her authority. She married a man  and asked him to dress as a woman. She referred to him as a female and he had to call her “king” instead of “queen”. She also took several male concubines and ordered them to dress like women. 

Njinga spent the next thirty years warring against the Portuguese. At some point, she had to relocate her court to a new state, Matamba, that she used as a base. To increase her military power, she welcomed runaway slaves and Portuguese-trained African soldiers. Njinga’s troops also included female units who were integrated to the general army. She also boasted a retinue of female bodyguards. 

In 1641, Njinga found a new ally in the Dutch East India Company who attacked and conquered the Portuguese colonial city of Luanda. She sent ambassadors and the two made an alliance. A Dutch captain who served under her would describe her as a “cunning and prudent virago, so much addicted to arms that she hardly uses other exercises and so generously valiant that she never hurt a Portuguese after quarter was given and commanded all her servants and soldiers to do the same”. 

In 1648, they had almost driven the Portuguese out of Angola, but reinforcement came and the Dutch were defeated. Njinga fled to Matamba, but continued to use guerrilla tactics to fight the Portuguese and their African allies. According to one Portuguese observer, she launched 29 attacks between 1648 and 1650 alone. She also focused on developing trade, capitalizing on Matamba’s position as a gateway to the Central African interior.

Njinga led her troops into battle for the last time in 1657. At that time, she was nearly seventy-five. Before the battle, she prepared herself by leading her soldiers, many of them young enough to be her grandchildren, through rigorous military exercises with spears and arrows. 

When she died in 1663, Njinga left a prosper kingdom, able to survive as an independent state. The Portuguese only succeeded in conquering it in 1909, making it part of their colony of Angola.

References:

Castenell Louis A., Pinar William F., Understanding Curriculum as Racial Text: Representations of Identity and Difference in Education

Heywood Linda M., Njinga of Angola

Toler Pamela D., Women warriors, an unexpected history

OYA ONIRA  𝘥𝘦𝘵𝘢𝘭𝘩𝘦𝘴

É a dona do "atori", uma pequena vara usada no culto de Oxalá para chamar os mortos na intenção de fazê-los participar da cerimônia. A função do "atori" é a de, assim que ao ser tocada batida no chão, que se faça o poder de fazer reinar a paz no local ou na vida de alguém e trazer-lhe abundância. 

Adoro esse texto...é muito bonito ♡

"Sou mulher do dendê.

Sou filha de Oyá!

Ebozeira, carregadeira de Egum, guerreira! Ainda que vestida de chita tenho brilho próprio. Meu nariz é em pé, sou audaciosa, briguenta, apaixonada. Sou feliz!

Mulher destemida que não se abate na primeira batalha. Recolho-me, curo-me, planejo e volto pra vencer a guerra! A mulher de Iansã é cigana, é nômade, pois mora em qualquer lugar: Calunga, floresta, mar, terra, pois está sempre onde dela precisarem. A mulher de Iansã é bruxa, feiticeira, e até fada, qdo quer! A mulher de Iansã é o tempo, pois ela dá, ela tira, ela passa e a página vira. A mulher de Iansã é mulher búfalo, mulher Exu, mulher dengosa, dependendo da tempestade que ira enfrentar!

Mulher de Iansã é igual ao bambuzal na ventania, enverga mas não quebra.

Sou filha de Oyá.

Sou filha do Vento"

The kingdom of Ndongo was an early-modern African state located in present-day Angola, and, at the time of Njinga’s birth, a rancid combination of white people, colonialism, and the Atlantic slave trade were tearing it apart. The Portuguese had shown up in Ndongo in the late 15th century and had quickly realized that they could exploit the rich coastal lands for the glory (read: financial gain) of their empire.

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Njinga was her father’s clear favorite throughout her childhood. She was 10 when Mbande became the ngola, or king, of Ngondo (“Angola” comes from the Portuguese misunderstanding the meaning of ngola and thinking it was the name of the kingdom). He often involved her in his official duties: she attended many of the legal councils that her father oversaw, received military training, and participated in the ritual activities that were so vital to their culture.

....

Queen Ana Nzinga (c. 1583 – December 17, 1663), also known as Njinga Mbande or Ana de Sousa Nzinga Mbande, was a 17th-century queen (muchino a muhatu) of the Ndongo and Matamba Kingdoms of the Mbundu people in Angola. Born into the ruling family of Ndongo and Matamba, Nzinga demonstrated an aptitude for defusing political crises in her capacity as ambassador to the Portuguese, and later assumed power over the kingdoms when her brother, then king, committed suicide.