Ask Ethan: How Do Massless Particles Experience Gravity?
âGiven the equation for gravity between two masses, and the fact that photons are massless, how is it possible for a mass (like a star or a black hole) to exert influence on said photon?â
You know the law of universal gravitation: you put in what any two masses are, how far apart they are from each other, and the gravitational constant of the Universe, and you can immediately know what the force is between any two objects. Set one of the masses to zero, and the force goes to zero. So why is it, then, that if you take the ultimate particle with no mass, a photon, and pass it close by a mass, its path does bend? Why do massless particles experience gravity?
To understand why, you should think about what happens if you and I start at the same place near a mass, but Iâm stationary and youâre moving. How far away is that mass? Whatâs the ârâ that goes into Newtonâs equation? And whoâs right: me or you?
The answer is that we both need to be right, and Newton wonât get us there. Come get the real story on gravity, and learn why, in the end, massless particles feel it, too!