#lev ivanov

Center Stage (2000, Nicholas Hytner)

I'm a fan of ballet reconstructions. I enjoy peeling back the layers of choreography and discovering what was jettisoned and what endures. It's always a process of seeing ballet from a new perspective. While some reconstructions are more successful than others, I've recently come across this Yuri Burlaka & Vasily Medeydev reconstruction of The Nutcracker for the Stattsballett Berlin featuring Iana Salenko and Marian Walter. It's enchanting! But this has to be prefaced with my relationship to The Nutcracker and how it's changed recently. For most of my life, I simply considered it a treacly moneymaker. It was a cynical take and one based on absolute ignorance. I have been schooled and that started last year when I watched Alastair Macualey, the esteemed ballet historian and former NYT Dance Critic, lead a step-by-step demonstration of the Act 2 PDD with NYCB dancers at NY City Center. It was a comparison of the original Ivanov choreography as danced by Fonteyn in the 1950s (it had already changed somewhat from the 1892 original) and Balanchine's version. It was a revelation. This supposedly treacly ballet was about something far more moving and mysterious. It's a ballet about childhood and imagination, and the fleeting nature of wonderment. It's utterly soaring at times, the crescendos in the PPD keep building and building — but there's an underlying melancholy girding this PDD, reminding us that this world of imagination will all come to an end — the predominant minor key down scales following those soaring crescendos….I learned that Tchaikovsky's beloved younger sister died a year prior to writing this score, and I cannot help but think this ballet is a tribute to her in a way. I was lucky enough to see Sarah Lane and Chun Wai Chan perform the PDD recently with a local ballet company and it brought me to goddamn tears. I'm not ashamed to admit it. That demonstration at City Center is no longer available on YouTube, but you can hear Alastair Macauley talk about the connection between Balanchine's Nutcracker and the Ivanov version that premiered in 1892 in this podcast: Conversations on Dance.

But what I enjoyed so much about this Burlaka-Medyedev reconstruction is that it's not really a step-by-step reconstruction at all, but an homage to the original Imperial libretto and staging. The one that Balanchine grew up with, performed in as a child, and it's the inspiration for the NYCB's version. You can see Ivanov's fingerprints all over Balanchine's Nutcracker. Pointe Magazine wrote about the comparison back when it premiered, noting a couple similarities and differences.

This reconstruction is gorgeously lush. I love the transformations from the parlor into the wintry landscape, the swan sleigh, the pageantry upon entering the Kingdom of Sweets, the focus on Clara/Marie as the central character….and the costumes! The costumes are all based on the original sketches, which were also documented in photographs. The ornate details are what pull me in and I would love to return to this ballet over and over again. I think the only part that really falls short for me is the scarf trick in the PDD. NYCB now does this with a floating disk and even now, it's an aspect of the ballet that still feels disjointed and out of place. Here's a link to the ballet via the TG Channel, the King Dancers. It's a Chinese streamer with the fussiest interface. But you can also stream it via Belaireclassiques for a small fee.

And if you've made it this far, here are some photos from the original 1892 Imperial St. Petersburg Ballet premier also courtesy of the TG channel, the King Dances.

By All That's Interesting

Published: 5 October 2017

Updated: 15 July 2020

In January 1959, nine young Soviet hikers died under mysterious circumstances while trekking through the Ural Mountains in what's now known as the Dyatlov Pass incident.

In January 1959, a 23-year-old hiker named Igor Alekseyevich Dyatlov led a journey to reach the peak of Otorten, a mountain in the Northern Urals of Soviet Russia.

The young man brought a team of eight experienced hikers, many from the Ural Polytechnical Institute, along with him for the adventure.

Before he left, Dyatlov had told his sports club that he and his team would send them a telegram as soon as they returned.

But that telegram was never sent and none of the hikers of the so-called Dyatlov Pass Incident were ever seen alive again.

When their bodies were found in the coming weeks, their strange and gruesome injuries left investigators baffled and repulsed.

Some were missing eyes, another was missing her tongue, and many were struck by a force comparable to that of a speeding car — but no one could make sense of it.

The Soviet government closed the case quickly and offered only thin explanations saying that the hikers died due to hypothermia because they were inexperienced and that maybe something like an avalanche was at fault.

But with that “explanation” clearing up almost none of the lingering questions, amateur sleuths have been puzzling over the mystery of the Dyatlov Pass Incident for the last 60 years.

And while the Russian government did reopen the case in 2019, we still don’t know exactly what happened on that snowy mountainside all those years ago.

The Hikers Enter The Dyatlov Pass

Based on what was recovered from cameras and diaries discovered at the site of the hikers’ deaths, investigators were able to piece together that on February 1, the team began to make their way through the then-unnamed pass leading to Otorten.

As they pushed through the hostile climate toward the base of the mountain, they were hit with snowstorms that ripped through the narrow pass.

Decreasing visibility caused the team to lose their sense of direction, and instead of moving toward Otorten, they accidentally deviated west and found themselves on the slope of a nearby mountain.

This mountain is known as Kholat Syakhl, meaning “Dead Mountain” in the language of the indigenous Mansi people of the region.

To avoid losing the altitude they had gained, or perhaps simply because the team wanted to practice camping on a mountain slope before their ascent of Otorten, Dyatlov called for camp to be made there.

It was on this solitary mountainside that all nine hikers of the Dyatlov Pass Incident would meet their demise.

When February 20 rolled around and there was still no communication from the hikers, a search party was mounted.

The volunteer rescue force that trekked through the Dyatlov Pass found the campsite but no hikers — so army and police investigators were sent in to determine what had happened to the missing team.

When they arrived on the mountain, the investigators weren’t hopeful. Though the group was made up of experienced hikers, the route they had chosen was remarkably difficult, and accidents on these tricky mountain trails were a real danger.

With the hikers having been missing for so long, investigators expected to find an open-and-shut case of a horrific accident on treacherous ground.

They were only partially correct. They found bodies — yet the state in which the bodies were found only raised more questions.

Starting on February 26, the discoveries of the bodies opened up the true mystery of the Dyatlov Pass Incident that continues to this day.

When investigators arrived at the campsite, the first thing they noticed was that the tent had been cut open in a way that soon proved to be from the inside and that it was nearly destroyed.

Meanwhile, most of the team’s belongings — including several pairs of shoes — had been left there at camp.

They then discovered eight or nine sets of footprints from the team, many of them clearly made by people with either nothing, socks, or a single shoe on their feet. These tracks led to the edge of the nearby woods, almost a mile away from the camp.

They then found the next three bodies, those of Dyatlov, Zinaida Kolmogorova, 22, and Rustem Slobodin, 23, who died on their way back to the camp from the cedar tree:

While the circumstances were odd, investigators found that the causes of death were clear: All the hikers, they said, had perished from hypothermia.

Their bodies showed no indication of severe external damage beyond what had been inflicted by the cold.

However, this didn’t explain why Doroshenko was “brown-purple” in complexion or why he had gray foam coming from his right cheek and gray liquid coming from his mouth.

Furthermore, this didn’t explain why the hands of the two hikers under the cedar were scraped away and the branches above them were torn down as if the two men had tried desperately to seek shelter from something or someone in the tree.

Meanwhile, Slobodin had head injuries consistent with someone falling and hitting their head over and over again and Kolmogorova had a baton-shaped bruise on her side.

These two hikers as well as the others found by this point were also generally under-dressed and wearing some of each other’s clothes, only supporting the idea that they’d fled suddenly and without adequate preparation into the freezing night, despite being experienced hikers.

It wasn’t until the other four bodies were found two months later that the mystery deepened even more.

An Even Grislier Scene In The Dyatlov Pass Den

The remaining hikers were discovered buried under the snow in a ravine 75 meters deeper into the woods than the cedar — known as the Dyatlov Pass den — and their bodies told even more gruesome stories than those of the other members of the group.

In the most gruesome part of the Dyatlov Pass Incident, Dubinina was missing her tongue, eyes, part of her lips, as well as facial tissue and a fragment of her skull bone.

They also found the body of Alexander Kolevatov, 24, in the same location but without the same kind of severe wounds.

This second group of bodies suggested that the hikers had died at distinctly different times because they appeared to have been making use of the clothes of the people who died before them.

Dubinina’s foot was wrapped in a piece of Krivonischenko’s wool pants, and Zolotaryov was found in Dubinina’s faux fur coat and hat — suggesting he had taken them from her after she had died, just as she had taken clothes from Krivonischenko earlier.

Perhaps most mysterious of all was that the clothes of both Kolevatov and Dubinina showed evidence of being radioactive.

Due to evidence like this, even with more bodies found, the mystery of the Dyatlov Pass Incident only grew more baffling.

The Soviet government closed the case quickly and gave only vague causes of death and speculated that the hikers’ own incompetence may have caused their demises or that a natural disaster was the culprit.

Early on, many Soviets also suspected that the hikers’ deaths were the result of an ambush by the local Mansi tribesmen.

A sudden attack would account for the way the hikers fled their tents, their disarray, and the damage done to the second group of bodies.

But that explanation fizzled quickly; the Mansi people were largely peaceful, and the evidence in the Dyatlov Pass didn’t much support violent human conflict.

For one, the damage done to the hikers’ bodies exceeded the blunt force trauma one human could inflict on another.

There was also no evidence of any footprints on the mountain beyond those made by the hikers themselves.

Investigators then conceived of a swift, violent avalanche. The sound of snow collapsing, an early warning of the deluge to come, would have frightened the hikers out of their tents in a state of undress and sent them sprinting for the tree line.

An avalanche would also have been powerful enough to inflict the injuries that killed the second group of hikers.

But the physical evidence of an avalanche just wasn’t there and locals familiar with the terrain later said that such a natural disaster simply wouldn’t have made sense in the Dyatlov Pass.

There was also the fact that when investigators found the bodies, they noted no evidence that an avalanche had occurred any time recently in the region. There was no damage to the tree line, and searchers observed no debris.

Moreover, no avalanches had been recorded at that site before and nor have there been any since.

Furthermore, would the experienced hikers have made camp in a spot that was vulnerable to an avalanche?

The avalanche hypothesis was characteristic of most of the theories put forward in the early days of the mystery: It offered a quick, superficially plausible solution to some aspects of the puzzle but utterly failed to account for others.

With official theories leaving lots unexplained, many alternative explanations for the Dyatlov Pass Incident have been put forward in the six decades since.

While many of these are highly elaborate, some are decidedly concrete and straightforward.

Some tried to explain the hikers’ strange behavior and lack of clothing with an in-depth look at the effects of hypothermia.

Irrational thinking and behavior is a common early sign of hypothermia, and as a victim approaches death, they may paradoxically perceive themselves to be overheating — causing them to remove their clothes.

The trauma to the second group of bodies, in this version of events, is caused by a stumbling plunge over the edge of a ravine.

Yet hypothermia doesn’t explain why the hikers left their warm tents in a panic for the frigid world outside in the first place.

Other investigators began to test the theory that the deaths were the result of some argument among the group that got out of hand, possibly related to a romantic encounter (there was a history of dating between several of the members) that could explain some of the lack of clothes. But people who knew the ski group said they were largely harmonious.

Moreover, the Dyatlov hikers would have been no more able to inflict the damage to their compatriots than the Mansi — the force involved in some of the deaths was, again, greater than that which any human could inflict.

With humans effectively ruled out as the culprits behind the Dyatlov Pass Incident — though there are theories that the KGB or murderous prison escapees were at fault — some began to posit nonhuman assailants.

Some began to claim that the hikers were killed by a menk, a kind of Russian yeti, to account for the immense force and power necessary to cause the injuries to three of the hikers.

This theory is popular among those who focus on the damage to Dubinina’s face.

While most explain her missing tissue by positing a visit from small scavengers or perhaps decay resulting from her partial submersion in a watery under-snow stream, menk proponents see a more sinister predator at work.

Other sleuths point to the reports of small amounts of radiation detected on some of the bodies, leading to wild theories that the hikers had been killed by some sort of secret radioactive weapon after stumbling into secret government testing.

Those who favor this idea stress the strange appearance of the bodies at their funerals; the corpses had a slightly orange, withered cast.

But had radiation been the cause of death, more than modest levels would have registered when the bodies were examined.

The corpses’ orange hue isn’t surprising given the frigid conditions in which they sat for weeks — they were partially mummified in the cold.

The secret weapon explanation is popular because it is partially supported by the testimony of another hiking group, one camping 50 kilometers from the Dyatlov Pass team on the same night.

This other group spoke of strange orange orbs floating in the sky around Kholat Syakhl — a sight proponents of this theory interpret as distant explosions.

The hypothesis goes that the sound of the weapon drove the hikers from their tents in a panic. Half-clothed, the first group died of hypothermia while attempting to take shelter from the blasts by waiting near the tree line.

The second group, having seen the first group freeze, determined to go back for their belongings but fell victim to hypothermia too, while the third group got caught in a fresh blast further into the forest and died from their injuries.

Lev Ivanov, the chief investigator of the Dyatlov Pass Incident, said, “I suspected at the time and am almost sure now that these bright flying spheres had a direct connection to the group’s death” when he was interviewed by a small Kazakh newspaper in 1990.

Censorship and secrecy in the USSR forced him to abandon this line of inquiry.

Other explanations include drug testing that caused violent behavior in the hikers and an unusual weather event known as infrasound, caused by particular wind patterns that can lead to panic attacks in humans because the low-frequency sound waves create a kind of earthquake inside the body.

In the end, the hikers’ deaths were officially attributed to “a compelling natural force,” and the case was closed.

But in 2019, Russian officials reopened the case for a new investigation.

This time, however, officials said they would only consider three theories: an avalanche, a snow slab, or a hurricane.

And the case was once again closed with only a vague conclusion that no criminal activity was afoot.

Investigators said in July 2020 that the hikers died of hypothermia after an avalanche of similar force pushed them out of their tent and into the cold. Still, the mystery remains unofficially unsolved.

The mountainside in question was named the Dyatlov Pass in honor of the lost expedition and a monument to the nine hikers was erected in the Mikhajlov Cemetery at Yekaterinburg.

There lay the only people who will ever know the full truth of what happened that night in the Dyatlov Pass.

Nutcracker season can elicit an array of feelings. Some love it, some hate it. I was falling into the indifferent category. I don't live in a major city, so the month long onslaught of ballet school-civic rep level productions has me a bit bummed out…and ready to tune it all out. AND THEN…I stumbled upon this very interesting panel discussion lead by ballet critic, Alastair McCauley, comparing the original Lev Ivanov Sugarplum PDD to the Balanchine version, getting into the nitty gritty of the score and the choreographic language that can be found in both versions, pointing out the various ways in which Balanchine quoted Ivanov. This is so interesting and only available online until Dec. 17, so hurry and watch it while you can. Who knew about the original version of the Sugar Plum sliding across the stage on point on a hidden stage tracking device?! If you do anything, watch this first video with the panel talk and demonstrations. The videos I included after that are just if you want to get obsessive like I did to dig deeper. Panelists: Suki Schorer, Wendy Whelan, Sara Mearns, Jonathan Stafford. (Watching Suki coach is worth watching!) NYCB Dancers: Chun Wai Chan, Ashley Hod (Balanchine version) & Anthony Huxley, Emma Von Enck (Ivanov Version)

draw dump

im still alive ! albeit barely holding my head above the waters 

Performed by: The Royal Ballet (Gary Avis, Ricardo Cervera, Meagan Grace Hinkis, and ensemble)

Number: “The Waltz of the Snowflakes”

Choreographer: Lev Ivanov

Style: Ballet