The constellations of Orion, the Hunter, and Taurus, the Bull // Tryggve Dyrvik
Click below for an annotated image (that I painstakingly drew myself) and some etymology for the brightest stars in this image!
In the constellation of Orion, the Hunter:
Along Orion's Belt, we have:
Alnitak (ζ Orionis), a triple star system of blue giant stars. The system is about 1,260 light years from Earth. Its name comes from the Arabic word an-niṭāq meaning "the girdle."
Then we come to Alnilam (ε Orionis), a solitary blue supergiant star about 1,250 light years from Earth. Its name comes from the Arabic word al-niẓām meaning "arrangement."
Finally, we come to the quintuple star system Mintaka (δ Orionis), a series of blue giant stars about 1,246 light years from Earth. Its name comes from the Arabic word manṭaqa meaning "belt."
Forming the head and shoulders of Orion are three stars:
Betelgeuse (α Orionis), a red supergiant star about 500 light years from Earth. Its name comes from the Arabic phrase Yad al-Jawzā’ meaning "the hand of al-Jawzā".
Meissa (λ Orionis) is a binary star system consisting of a blue supergiant and a blue-white giant. The system is about 1,300 light years from Earth. Its name comes from the Arabic phrase Al-Maisan meaning "the shining one."
Bellatrix (γ Orionis) is a binary star system consisting of two blue supergiant stars. The system is about 250 light years from Earth. The name comes from the Latin word bellātrix meaning "female warrior."
In the constellation of Eridanus, the River:
Cursa (β Eridani) is a white-hued giant star about 90 light years from Earth. Its name comes from the Arabic phrase Al Kursiyy al Jauzah meaning "the chair of al-Jawzā".
In the constellation of Taurus, the Bull:
Prima Hyadum (γ Tauri) is a binary star system consisting of two yellow giant stars. The system is about 154 light years from Earth. The name is Latin for "first of the Hyades."
Secunda Hyadum (δ¹ Tauri) is a binary system consisting of two yellow giant stars. The system is about 156 light years from Earth. The name is Latin for "second of the Hyades."
Chamukuy (θ Tauri) is a quadruple star system consisting of a yellow supergiant and a white-hued giant star. The system is about 155 light years from Earth. The name refers to a small bird in the Maya language.
Ain (ε Tauri) is an orange giant star about 146 light years from Earth. The name comes from the Arabic word ain meaning "eye."
Aldebaran (α Tauri) is a binary system consisting of an orange giant star and a red dwarf. The system is about 67 light years from Earth. The name comes from the Arabic word al Dabarān meaning "the follower."
Tianguan (ζ Tauri) is a binary star system consisting of two blue giant stars. The system is about 440 light years from Earth. The name comes from the Chinese word meaning "celestial gate."
Elnath (β Tauri) is a solitary blue-white giant star about 134 light years from Earth. The name comes from the Arabic word an-naţħ meaning "the butting."
In the constellation of Auriga, the Charioteer:
Hassaleh (ι Aurigae) is an orange giant star that is about 450 light years from Earth. Its name was given to it by Czechoslovak astronomer Antonín Bečvář. We don't know what it means.
In the constellation of Gemini, the Twins:
Propus (η Geminorum) is a triple star system consisting of a red giant, a blue-white star, and a yellow giant. The system lies about 380 light years away. The name comes from the Greek word propus meaning "forward foot."
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In Greek mythology, Orion was a hunter whose vanity was so great that he angered the goddess Artemis. As his punishment, Artemis banished the hunter to the sky where he can be seen as the famous constellation Orion. In the constellation, Orion's head is represented by the star Lamdba Orionis (fuzzy red dot in middle). When viewed in infrared light, NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, shows a giant nebula around Lambda Orionis, inflating Orion's head to huge proportions.
Lambda Orionis is a hot, massive star that is surrounded by several other hot, massive stars, all of which are creating radiation that excites a ring of dust, creating the "Lambda Orionis molecular ring." Also known as SH 2-264, the Lambda Orionis molecular ring is sometimes called the Meissa ring. In Arabic, the star Lambda Orionis is known as "Meissa" or "Al-Maisan," meaning "the shining one." The Meissa Ring is of interest to astronomers because it contains clusters of young stars and proto-stars, or forming stars, embedded within the clouds. With a diameter of approximately 130 light-years, the Lambda Orionis molecular ring is notable for being one of the largest star-forming regions WISE has seen. This is also the largest single image featured by WISE so far, with an area of the sky approximately 10 by 10 degrees in size, equivalent to a grid of 20 by 20 full moons. Nevertheless, at less than one percent of the whole sky's area, it is just a taste of WISE data.
The bright blue star in the lower left corner of the image is the star Betelgeuse, which represents one shoulder of the hunter Orion. The name Betelgeuse is actually a corruption of the original Arabic phrase "Yad al-Jauza'," meaning "hand of the giant one." Betelgeuse is well known for being a red supergiant star, yet in WISE's infrared view it appears blue, as do most stars in WISE images. This is because most stars, including Betelgeuse, put out more light in the shortest infrared wavelengths of light captured by WISE, and those shorter wavelengths are presented in WISE images as blue and cyan.
In visible light, Orion's other shoulder is clearly marked by the variable star Bellatrix. In infrared light, however, Bellatrix is a somewhat unremarkable cyan-colored star in the right side of the image. In Latin, Bellatrix means "female warrior," which is perhaps why the name was chosen for a female witch character in the popular Harry Potter books.
Also seen in this image are two dark nebulae, Barnard 30 and Barnard 35, which are parts of the Meissa ring that are so dense they block out visible light. Barnard 30 is the bright knob of gas and dust in the top center part of the image. Barnard 35 appears as a hook extending towards the center of the ring just above and to the right of the star Betelgeuse. The bright reddish object seen to in the middle right part of the image is the star HR 1763, which is surrounded by another star-forming region, LBN 867.
Color in this image represents specific wavelengths of infrared light. Blue and cyan represent 3.4- and 4.6-microns, primarily light emitted by hot stars. Green and red represent 12- and 22-micron light, which is mainly radiation from warm dust.
JPL manages the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The principal investigator, Edward Wright, is at UCLA. The mission was competitively selected under NASA's Explorers Program managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. The science instrument was built by the Space Dynamics Laboratory, Logan, Utah, and the spacecraft was built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Boulder, Colo. Science operations and data processing take place at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.
More information is online at http://www.nasa.gov/wise and http://wise.astro.ucla.edu.
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