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It's easy to get lost following the intricate, looping, twisting filaments in this detailed image of supernova remnant Simeis 147 or, as itâs better known as, the Spaghetti Nebula. Seen about 3,000 light years away, toward the boundary of the constellations Taurus and Auriga, it covers nearly 3 degrees or 6 full moons on the sky- about 150 light-years wide. This composite image includes data taken through narrow-band filters where the reddish emission is from ionized hydrogen atoms and doubly ionized oxygen atoms is in faint blue-green hues. The supernova remnant has an estimated age of about 40,000 years, meaning light from the massive stellar explosion first reached Earth 40,000 years ago. But the expanding remnant is not the only aftermath. The cosmic catastrophe also left behind a spinning neutron star, or pulsar. Itâs all that remains of the original star's core.
The developers of a nonthermal plasma method for killing airborne viruses hope it can one day replace the surgical mask.
Energetic, charged fragments of air molecules can render dangerous airborne viruses harmless, research shows.
Researchers hope to one day harness this capability to replace a century-old device: the surgical mask.
The engineers have measured the virus-killing speed and effectiveness of nonthermal plasmasâthe ionized, or charged, particles that form around electrical discharges such as sparks. A nonthermal plasma reactor was able to inactivate or remove from the airstream 99.9 percent of a test virus, with the vast majority due to inactivation.
Achieving these results in a fraction of a second within a stream of air holds promise for many applications where sterile air supplies are needed.
âThe most difficult disease transmission route to guard against is airborne because we have relatively little to protect us when we breathe,â says Herek Clack, research associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Michigan.
To gauge nonthermal plasmasâ effectiveness, researchers pumped a model virusâharmless to humansâinto flowing air as it entered a reactor. Inside the reactor, borosilicate glass beads are packed into a cylindrical shape, or bed. The viruses in the air flow through the spaces between the beads, and thatâs where they are inactivated.
âIn those void spaces, youâre initiating sparks,â Clack says. âBy passing through the packed bed, pathogens in the air stream are oxidized by unstable atoms called radicals. Whatâs left is a virus that has diminished ability to infect cells.â
The experiment and its results appear in the Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics.
Notably, during these tests researchers also tracked the amount of viral genome that was present in the air. In this way, Clack and his team were able to determine that more than 99 percent of the air sterilizing effect was due to inactivating the virus that was present, with the remainder of the effect due to filtering the virus from the air stream.
âThe results tell us that nonthermal plasma treatment is very effective at inactivating airborne viruses,â says Krista Wigginton, assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering. âThere are limited technologies for air disinfection, so this is an important finding.â
This parallel approachâcombining filtration and inactivation of airborne pathogensâcould provide a more efficient way of providing sterile air than technologies used today, such as filtration and ultraviolet light. Traditional masks operate using only filtration for protection.
Ultraviolet irradiation canât sterilize as quickly, as thoroughly, or as compactly has nonthermal plasma.
Clack and his research team have begun testing their reactor on ventilation air streams at a livestock farm near Ann Arbor. Animal agriculture, with its vulnerability to contagious livestock diseases such as avian influenza, has a demonstrated near-term need for such technologies.
A galĂĄxia de AndrĂŽmeda circundada por nuvens? Na verdade as nuvens de hidrogĂȘnio ionizado sĂŁo da prĂłpria Via LĂĄctea e estĂŁo na linha de visada apenas. . The Andromeda galaxy surrounded by clouds? Actually these are clouds of ionized hydrogen in the Milky Way that lie in the line of sight. . Credit: D. LĂłpez/IAC . #iac #galaxy #galaxia #milkyway #vialactea #andromeda #clouds #nuvens #hydrogen #hidrogenio #m31 #ionized #ionizado #ion #astronomy #astronomia #apod #picoftheday #instagood #space #espaço #canaryislands #astrogram
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Even when the sun has fallen on the North Beach of Haida Gwaii, the sunâs rays still show themselves in the sky. On most nights on the rain soaked islands, the stars are hidden behind clouds in the earthâs atmosphere. Tonight theyâre obscured behind ions from the sunâs atmosphere.Â
NGC 4631 (also known as the Whale Galaxy or Caldwell 32) is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. This galaxyâs slightly distorted wedge shape gives it the appearance of a herring or a whale, hence its nickname. It contains a central starburst, which is a region of intense star formation. The strong star formation is evident in the emission from ionized hydrogen and interstellar dust heated by the stars formed in the starburst.