#ignire

Front:

Stem cells: types, potentials, and key terms

Back:

• Specialised cell: adapted for a specific function

• Differentiation: unspecialised → specialised

• Pluripotent: can become any cell type (embryonic stem cells, meristems in plants)

• Multipotent: limited to related cell types (adult stem cells in bone marrow)

• Embryonic stem cells: pluripotent, undifferentiated, from early embryo

• Adult stem cells: multipotent, found in bone marrow

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Front:

Advantages and disadvantages of embryonic stem cells

Back:

Advantages:

• Can cure medical conditions

• Would otherwise be discarded from research

• Can form any cell/tissue type

• Useful for research

• Could reduce organ transplant waiting times

Disadvantages:

• Ethical concerns (potential life destroyed, religious issues)

• Risk of viral transmission or infection

• Shortage of donors/eggs

• Egg collection has risks

• Low success rate

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Front:

Mitosis, meiosis, and the cell cycle

Back:

• Meiosis: produces gametes (sperm/egg)

• Mitosis: cell growth; organelles duplicate; produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells

• Mitosis steps:

1. Chromosomes replicate

2. Chromosomes line up

3. Spindle fibres pull copies apart

4. Nucleus reforms

5. Cytoplasm divides

• Cell cycle:

1. Replication

2. Mitosis