Family of Murad IV. Its terrible to see how many of his sons just died as infant. Evliya said that all his sons were born with poor health, so I guess it was some kind of genetical disorder, because otherwise we cannot explain the death of this much young baby. Seems like his daughters were not involved as they mostly reached adulthood or at elast died as kids (which was unfortunatelly normal back then). Handan Sultan, Sultan Ahmed I and Murad IV themselves also had poor health and died young, probably Murad inherited it from Handan and Ahmed and for some reason in his case it went through and reached his sons also? I dont know but it is interesting... We know that there are genetical disorders which effect only boys.Â
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Selim II had four daughters, Gevherhan, Ćah, Esmehan and Fatma. Esmehan and Gevherhan became influental women of their era.
Gevherhan Sultan
Gevherhan Sultan was most likely born in 1544 as the daughter of later Selim II. Her mother was presumably Selimâs favorite concubine, Nurbanu, but considering her life path, we canât be sure of that. She spent her childhood in her fatherâs province with her parents, sisters, and younger brother. A major change in their lives may have taken place in 1558, when Sultan Suleiman appointed her younger brother, Murad, to his own princely province. We are not left with any unequivocal evidence that his sisters accompanied Murad or not, but according to tradition, the girls who were Murad's full-sisters should go with him, so Esmehan certainly and perhaps Gevherhan left with the young prince also.
She moved to Istanbul in 1562 in the company of two of her sisters, Ćah and Esmehan. Sultan Suleiman decided to marry Selim's daughters off in that year. Gevherhan's husband was Piyale Pasha, an admiral. During the sixteen years of their marriage, two daughters, AyĆe Atike (1563 -?), Fatma, and a son, Mehmed were born. During their marriage, there were rumors that Gevherhan had once stabbed one of their slaves with her own hands when she saw her husband stroking the slave girl's neck. It is not known whether this story is true, but it certainly well illustrates the assumption that a sultana could not have been humiliated or cheated by her husband in any way so that he could get away with it.
After the death of her first husband in 1578, she remarried in 1579, this time it was her younger brother, Murad, who chosed a husband for her, Cerrah Mehmed Pasa. Their marriage was balanced, with Gevherhan strongly supporting her husbandâs political career. According to some sources, it was thanks to Gevherhan's support that Cerrah Mehmed Pasa was the one who circumcised Gevherhan's nephew the future Mehmed III in 1580. Either way, the event brought the pasha, the prince, and Gevherhan very close together. Three years later Gevherhan gifted a beautiful Bosnian slave girl to Mehmed when he received his own province. This Bosnian slave later became Handan, the mother of the future Sultan Ahmed I.
Gevheran and Mehmed Pasa were at the peak of their political careers when Mehmed III appointed Cerrah Mehmed Pasha as Grand Vizier in 1598. Thanks to her husbandâs rank, Gevherhan was able to get into top political circles and certainly kept in constant contact with Handan and her son, Ahmed. The latter is supported by the fact that the influence of Gevherhan and Cerrah Mehmed Pasha did not diminish even after Ahmed's accession to the throne. Young Ahmed certainly wanted to express his gratitude to Gevherhan and Cerrah Mehmed for having played a very important role in bringing his parents together in the past. Ahmed believed that without Gevherhan and her husband he could never have been born, so he owes them a debt of gratitude for his existence as well. Unfortunately, Ahmed did not have the opportunity to reward Cerrah Mehmed, as the pasha died on January 9, 1604. However, he treated Gevherhan with great reverence, sending her thousands of gold coins, and a dress with sable fur, which was so rare that only Handan and Safiye received a similar one from the young Sultan in December 1603. In February 1604, Ahmed again donated a stable fur silk dress, but this time only Gevherhan and Handan received it. Ahmed later named one of his daughters Gevherhan, certainly in honor of his aunt. Gevherhanâs salary in Ahmedâs life was 350 asper per day, which was particularly high compared to her rank.
She did a lot of charity during her life, including building a madrassa in CaÄaloÄlu. Gevherhan lived a long life, certainly being still alive in 1623 when she last amended her will. She appointed his daughter's husband to be the superintendent of his foundations, in return for which he was guaranteed a daily salary of 80 aspers. The fact that she did not entrust it to her daughter may indicate that AyĆe Atike may have already passed away. But according to the will of Gevherhan, she also left money for her children, so perhaps in addition to AyĆe Atike, her other children also reached adulthood, or she possibly had grandchildren.
Ćah Sultan
Ćah was probably the future Selim II's eldest child, his firstborn daughter, borning in 1544. It has long been held that her mother was Nurbanu, but there is no evidence for this, and even second-hand evidence suggests that Ćah was not Nurbanu's daughter.
In 1562, a great turning point came in her life, for on the orders of her grandfather, Sultan Suleiman, she was married off along her two sisters. For her, the chief falconer, ĂakırcıbaĆı Hasan Agha, was appointed as a husband, who was of lower rank than the husbands of her two sisters. This fact may also suggest that Ćah may not be the future Murad III's full sister, so was not Nurbanu's daughter. Later, of course, Hasan Agha also has risen and became a vizier. Probably no child was born from this marriage.
She had been married to Hasan Agha for twelve years, after his death in 1574 she could choose a husband by herself. Her choice fell on Zal Mahmud Pasha, with whom she married in 1575 and they lived in true love based marriage. Their love is legendary and is a refreshing exception among political marriages. They had at least two children, a girl who married Abdal Han when she reached adulthood; and a son, Köse Husrev Pasa, who became an influential statesman and eventually died in a battle against the Safavids.
Unfortunately, Ćah and Zal Mahmud were not able to take part in the upbringing of their children for long, for in the autumn of 1577 they both fell ill and, according to legend, they died at the same minute on the same day. However, the reality is less poetic, Ćah died on November 3, while Zal Mahmud 12 days later. They were both laid to rest in the jointly built Zal Mahmud Pasha Mosque Complex. Their children were certainly raised by the Valide Sultan, Nurbanu until her own death in 1583, and then Sultan Murad III took care of them.
An ambassador was just present when Ćahâs funeral took place and wrote of the event: âToday (3 November 1577) at 12 o'clock we witnessed the funeral of Mahmud PaĆaâs wife, daughter of Sultan Selim. It was a modest ceremony. [âŠ] There was a crowd on either side of and behind the coffin. (Sokollu) Mehmed PaĆa was first, the Chief Judge of Rumelia next to him. Behind them were Mustafa PaĆa, Ahmed PaĆa, Sinan PaĆa, the Chief Judge of Anatolia, the governor of Rumelia and the Commander of the Janissaries, all docked in black clothes and riding horses. The Janissaries had replaced their usual headdresses with turbans."
Esmehan Sultan
Esmehan Sultan was born in 1545 to Nurbanu and later Selim II. Unlike her sisters, Gevherhan and Ćah, Esmehan was without a doubt Nurbanu's daughter. For this reason in 1558 she most likely followed Nurbanu and Murad to his new princely province and that was the place from where she moved to Istanbul in 1562 for her own marriage.
Of her sisters, Esmehan married the highest-ranking statesman, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vezir of Sultan Suleiman I, who later during the reign of Selim II, and even during Murad III he run the empire. At least four children were born from their marriage, three sons, Ahmed (1563? - 1566), Pir-Mehmed (1566? - 1567?), Sokolluzade İbrahim (1565 - 1622?), and a girl Safiye (1563? -?), who was married to Lala Mustafa Pasa, Grand Vezir's son.
Through her husband and her own rank, Esmehan was the most influential sultana of the empire for years. In wealth, only her aunt, Mihrimah, could overtake her, but in influence, almost no one could. With Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, they supported several grandiose construction projects, such as the Sokollu Mehmed Pasha Mosque Complex and the Esmehan Sultan Mosque Complex. Esmehanâs personality was very dramatic, which she often allowed to manifest. Thus, for example, she organized her nephew, Mehmedâs circumcision ceremony, which included a child being nearly killed by a hired assassin, but rescued by a nymph-dressed young girl.
Knowing her personality, it is not surprising that she also regularly supported her mother in her political affairs. Thus, for example, she also played a key role in convincing France to gave back two Turkish women capture on the sea. She also had an influence on her brother, which she and her mother tried to exploit. Nurbanu didn't really get along with Murad's favorite, Safiye, and she was doing her best to turn Murad to other women. Esmehan was there to help her mother and in the end, she was the one who successfully introduced two very well educated, beautiful women to Murad. Murad accepted the gift and from then on his monogamous relationship with Safiye ended.
In 1579, her husband, Sokollu, was murdered, widowing her at the age of just 34. The young woman immediately wanted to get married again and wanted a young, handsome husband at all costs, which was understandable given the fact that Sokollu was 40 years older than her. At first, she wanted the famously handsome ĂzdemiroÄlu Osman Pasha, but the pasha rejected the marriage offer. Many wondered why anyone would reject the most influential woman in the empire. We will never know the answer, but one of the possible options is that ĂzdemiroÄlu Osman Pasa was simply in love with his first wife and did not want to divorce, yet others believe that the appearance of Esmehan may have been the reason. Esmehan is one of the few sultanas whose appearance-records have survived. Those who were lucky enough to meet her all said that Emehan was short and not pretty or beautiful at all, but they also noted that her intelligence and cheerful personality still amazed the people around her. Esmehan may have inherited her appearance and nature from her grandmother, HĂŒrrem Sultan, who was also thought to be short and not a classical beauty.
However, after the rejection, Esmehan finally found a young husband, Kalaylıkoz Ali Pasa, the governor of Buda. However, the marriage did not last long, for on August 5, 1585, Esmehan gave birth to a son and then died of complications three days later. The boy, Mahmud, survived his mother with a month. Esmehan was buried in the mausoleum of her father in Aya Sofia. Her son, Mahmud, was buried in the mausoleum of her first husband, Sokollu Mehmed.
Fatma Sultan
Fatma Sultan was born in 1559 as the child of later Selim II and an anonymous concubine. Undoubtedly, Nurbanu was not her mother, as she was not in Selim's harem at Fatma's birth, and her will also reveal that Nurbanu was not her mother. Nurbanu had left Selim's province not long before when she accompanied Prince Murad to his province. Since 1546, Selim has paid special attention not to have more children, which is why the birth of Fatma is certainly due to an accident.
Fatma married Kaniyeli SiyavuĆ Pasa in 1574, who was the beylerbey of Rumelia and later became a Grand Vizier also. Their marriage was certainly happy, for she used all her influence to persuade her brother Murad to spare the pasha's life when he fell out of the sultan's favor. The pasha eventually survived Fatma as well. From their marriage four sons, Ahmed (1573 - 1582), Mustafa (1575 - 1599), AbdĂŒlkaadir (1577 - 1583), SĂŒleyman (1579 - 1583?), and a girl were born.
Fatma died in 1580 after the birth of her daughter. The child also died shortly after birth, as he was a premature baby. Fatma still had time to make a will. From this, we know that her mother was not Nurbanu, for Fatma left her mother with a daily salary of 40 aspers. Thus, although the name of Fatma's mother remains an eternal mystery, we know that she survived her daughter and Selim II as well. She was buried in her fatherâs mausoleum at Aya Sofya. She did a lot of charity during her life, just like her sisters. Among other things, she built a madrassa, an elementary-school in Edirnekapi, but she also distributed a lot of money after her fatherâs death to say prayers for his soul.
Used sources:P. Kayaalp - The Empress Nurbanu and Ottoman Politics in the Sixteenth Century - Building the Atik Valide; Y. Ăztuna - Kanuni Sultan SĂŒleyman; U. Dakic - The Sokollu family clan and the politics of vizireial households in the second half of the sixteens century; S. Faroqhi - The Ottoman Empire and the World around it; C. Imber - The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650; D. A. Howard - A history of the Ottoman Empire; L. Peirce - Empress of the East; L. Peirce - The imperial harem; Pinar Kayaalp-Aktan, The Atik Valide Mosque Complex: A testament of Nurbanuâs prestige, power and piety; Necdet SakaoÄlu - Bu MĂŒlkĂŒn Kadın Sultanları; Ămer DĂŒzbakar, Charitable Women And Their Pious Foundations In The Ottoman Empire: The Hospital of The Senior Mother, Nurbanu Valide Sultan
FelhasznĂĄlt forrĂĄsok: P. Kayaalp - The Empress Nurbanu and Ottoman Politics in the Sixteenth Century - Building the Atik Valide; Y. Ăztuna - Kanuni Sultan SĂŒleyman; U. Dakic - The Sokollu family clan and the politics of vizireial households in the second half of the sixteens century; S. Faroqhi - The Ottoman Empire and the World around it; C. Imber - The Ottoman Empire 1300-1650; D. A. Howard - A history of the Ottoman Empire; L. Peirce - Empress of the East; L. Peirce - The imperial harem; Pinar Kayaalp-Aktan, The Atik Valide Mosque Complex: A testament of Nurbanuâs prestige, power and piety; Necdet SakaoÄlu - Bu MĂŒlkĂŒn Kadın Sultanları; Ămer DĂŒzbakar, Charitable Women And Their Pious Foundations In The Ottoman Empire: The Hospital of The Senior Mother, Nurbanu