How does Cushing's disease present? How does diagnosis usually work? And how do most clients do managing it as it progresses? When is it best treated with drugs and best left alone? Thanks a lot!
Cushing’s Disease is an overproduction of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands, either due to a tumor on the adrenal gland itself or due to a tumor in the pituitary gland which stimulates the adrenal gland. Since the disease is essentially an excess of steroid, it presents like a high dose of steroid administration would: excess drinking and therefore excess urination, muscle wasting, a “pot bellied” appearance, a poor hair coat, excessive panting, and possible heart damage.
Diagnosis is typically through one of two ways. Older vets will typically use an ACTH stimulation test - this uses a stimulating hormone (ACTH) that causes the body to produce cortisol. In a normal dog, ACTH administration causes production of cortisol, but then that cortisol causes negative feedback in the brain to then decrease production of more cortisol (so the cortisol production starts low, then peaks after ACTH administration, and then decreases again). In a dog with Cushing’s, the body does not respond to that negative feedback so the cortisol level starts high, gets higher, and returns to that lower (but still high) level. Meanwhile, younger vets (including myself) will often use a low-dose dexamethasone suppression (LDDS) test. With this test we give the dog a shot of a different steroid called dexamethasone, which in a normal dog would cause cortisol levels to become very low because cortisol production is suppressed by the dexamethasone in that negative feedback loop (so the cortisol levels would start normal, get low, and return to normal). In a dog with Cushing’s, the negative feedback once again does not work so the cortisol level doesn’t change (so it would start high and stay high).
Cushing’s tends to stay pretty stable once treatment is started and is fairly easily treated these days with a proprietary drug called Vetoryl which competes with enzymes that allow cortisol production. It is never “best left alone” because of the severe side effects mentioned above.