Anatomy: distinguished from other jellyfish by the presence of a deep groove running around the umbrella, giving the bell a “crown” shape; bioluminescent bells; typically 6-20 tentacles line the bell which are used to filter feed or sting larger prey with nematocysts; translucent, red, or dark brown in color
Diet: crustaceans and fish
Habitat: oceans worldwide, mainly in the mesopelagic zone, but some species are pelagic or live in shallow, tropical waters
Evolved in: Cambrian
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Deep-sea crown jellies of the genus Atolla (image 4) are the most common jellies in the deep sea. They use their bright red coloration as camouflage (red is the first color to lose its hue in the absence of sunlight, thus causing the jelly to appear pure black). When approached by predators, it will display a sudden burst of brilliant blue bioluminescence (see image below). This burst of light in the dark water not only disorients predators but also attracts larger predators to the area. The threat of a bigger predator scares off any immediate danger, allowing the jelly to swim to safety. The Atolla Jelly does all this without eyes or a brain.
(source)
The Thimble Jellyfish (Linuche unguiculata) is a tiny jellyfish with a straight-sided, flat-topped bell. It is the most common cause of “seabather's eruption”, a hypersensitivity reaction to the immature nematocysts of larval-stage jellyfish, in Florida or the Caribbean. Symptoms of seabather’s eruption generally arise later, after showering, and are identified by severe itching around small red papules 1mm to 1.5 cm in size on areas of skin that were covered by water-permeable clothing or hair during ocean swimming. Initial swimmer exposure to the free-floating larvae produces no effects, as each animal possesses only a single, undeveloped nematocyst which is inactive while suspended in seawater. However, due to their microscopic size and sticky bodies, large concentrations of larvae can become trapped in minute gaps between skin and clothing or hair. Once the swimmer leaves the ocean, the organisms stuck against the skin die, and automatically discharge their nematocysts when crushed, dried out, or exposed to freshwater. This is why symptoms usually do not appear until the swimmer dries, or takes a freshwater shower, without removing the affected clothing. So, it sucks for both human and baby jelly, and why you should always be mindful of where and when you are swimming. In Florida, most cases occur between March and August, to swimmers who unknowingly swim into a cloud of Thimble Jellyfish larvae.
The Thimble Jellyfish Linuche aquila (image 2) has symbiotic zooxanthellae (single-celled photosynthetic organisms) which live within its tissues, and essentially allow it to photosynthesize. These supply a major part of its energy requirements.
The Helmet Jellyfish (Periphylla periphylla) (image 1 and gif above) is one of the rare examples in Scyphozoa whose life-cycle lacks a polyp stage. Their eggs are also the largest sized eggs within all Cnidaria, and females only produce a small number of eggs at a time. The jellyfish release their eggs on the surface of the water, where they rapidly sink to a depth that limits visibility of predators. These develop directly into medusae, whose development rests entirely upon the egg's high yolk supply, not even developing an open mouth until the sixth stage of their development.
The Helmet Jellyfish is photophobic (intolerant of light) and inhabits deeper parts of the oceans, but may be found at the surface on dark nights. However, they seem to communicate with each other via bioluminescence, with red flashes.
Many of the species in this order inhabit deep sea environments, and thus, not much is known about them. So far, only around 53 living species are known.
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" It is a large jellyfish, reaching 50-60 cm in diameter, with multiple wart-like projections on top of the central mound of its bell, which is surrounded by a moat. The thin frilled skirt around the crown is used for swimming. Its main body is blue-purple, its eight oral arms are brown and highly divided into a large, curly-looking surface area resembling a cauliflower (hence this jellyfish’s other common name, Cauliflower Jellyfish)." -
...is a species of crown jellyfish (Order: Coronatae) that occurs off the southeastern coast of Brazil. Like other crown jellyfish N. aurea is distinguished from other jellyfish by the presence of a deep groove running around its 'umbrella' which gives it a shape similar to a crown.
Crown jellyfishes are the six families of true jellyfish that belong to the order Coronatae. They are distinguished from other jellyfish by the presence of a deep groove running around the umbrella, giving them the crown shape from which they take their name. Many of the species in the order inhabit deep sea environments.
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Crown jellyfish like this one belong to the order Coronatae. They are not deadly, though their sting can sometimes itch or burn. See this previous post for more on crown jellyfish.