#cluster analysis

In the present study, Genetic diversity was studied among 25 bread wheat genotypes using 13 agro-morphological traits. The data were analyzed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis. A significant level of variability was noticed for some agro-morphological traits. The largest variation was observed in the Harvest index (203.11), Flag leaf area (153.39) and plant height (103.92). The 25 bread wheat varieties in this study were grouped into four clusters based on the hierarchical clustering method. Most important PCI explained 31.96%, PCII contributed 21.23% and PCIII accounted for 11.88% of total morphological variability. Genotypes Bluesilver, Pari-73 and Haider-2000 have high thousand-grain weight, biological yield and the high number of tillers per plant. Bluesilver, Pari-73 and Haider-2000 are three elite genotypes identified based on important agro-morphological traits for the future breeding program under Mansehra conditions.

Sorghum is a popular cereal crop worldwide, and therefore, the understanding and utilization of sorghum accessions play role crucial for improving crop productivity. The in-depth knowledge of genetic variation between the sorghum accessions will allow the plant breeder for precise breeding. Thus, exploration of sorghum crop genetic diversity is inevitable. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity among the thirty sorghum accessions by using the quantitative morphological traits. The findings were concluded on the basis of ten quantitative traits, among which 07 diverse quantitative traits which maximized the variation, chosen carefully for genetic diversity analysis. We found a significant positive correlation of stalk yield with days to flowering and no. of leaves per plant. Similarly, for grain yield with no. of leaves per plant and panicle width. The PCA revealed that days to flowering, plant height, panicle width, and leaf area contributed maximum towards the divergence. Sorghum accessions were grouped under 4 clusters by using hierarchical analysis. Cluster-2 contained minimum while cluster-4 had maximum number of sorghum accessions. The maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster-2 and cluster-4. The cluster-4 had the highest mean values for no. of leaves per plant, stalk yield, and days to maturity. Therefore, parent selection must be dependent on best yield related components and wider inter-cluster distance. Therefore, in current study, the quantitative morphological traits showed the broader genetic diversity range among the thirty sorghum accessions, and can be utilized effectively for the improvement of genetic architecture.

Catharanthus roseus is one of the most interesting groups of ornamental plants in the world with high medicinal value and member of the family Apocynaceae. The goal of this study was to investigate the anatomical and molecular characterization of five types (White yellow, White red, Pink yellow, Pink red, and Red yellow) of C. roseus plant. The anatomical study was made by cutting transverse sections of the materials and stained with double stained techniques and observed data with the help of high-powered compound microscope. Molecular analysis was done by using RAPD molecular markers with four primers. Anatomical analysis indicated that the epidermis was recorded as a single layer. Bi-collateral vascular bundle was present and frequently arranged in radial symmetry in the stem. The results of RAPD markers revealed a total of sixty-nine (69) amplified bands, forty-six (46) of them were monomorphic and twenty-three (23) of them were polymorphic from using four primers. The result of dendrogram separated the five types of C. roseus into two major clusters (C1 and C2). Cluster C1 is represented by a single type Red yellow indicating that it is distinct from other four types, and Cluster C2 is represented by the other four types of C. roseus. The dendrogram and linkage distance revealed that the highest similarity was 70% between S1 (White yellow types) and S2 (White red types). However, the lowest similarity was 41.7% between S3 (Pink yellow types) and S5 (Red yellow types). This study could provide a key platform for further crop improvement at molecular level for genetic variability and cross breeding.