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Figure 13.54 shows in schematic fashion some of the alternative paths leading from ores to pure metals, all of which involve reduction as the essential chemical process.
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
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The electrophile is a halonium ion, Cl+ or Br+, formed by treating Cl2 or Br2 with AlCl3 or FeCl3:
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
Preparation of phenylsulfenyl chloride from diphenyl disulfide and chlorine.Â
It is a quite easy preparation of the highly reactive PhSCl when we add the non odorous diphenyl disulfide (PhSSPh) to an aprotic solvent, like chloroform or hexanes and absorb some chlorine it it. As the chlorine is absorbed to the solvent, the poorly soluble disulfide dissolved and gives a deep orangeish-red solution contains some excess chlorine, and the preferred sulfenyl chloride.Â
What happens here? This: R2S2  +  Cl2  →  2 RSCl in this case R is an aromatic ring.Â
Important to note that chlorine is HIGHLY toxic and as a safer alternative N-chlorosuccinimide could be also used.Â
[3 images. A bowl of food on a plate. Guy Fieri et al. standing in a kitchen preparing food. A group of people standing in a kitchen preparing food. Captions: Hydro-sulphic chlorination of tetrametazine? Or perhaps you think of other things. But think again, because sulphur,]
Chlorination with elemental chlorine and a low pressure mercury vapor lamp.Â
This is the easiest and best way of introducing a halogen into a molecule, just a chlorine cylinder and some UV light is needed, the only thing that is produced as a byproduct is a HCl gas in this case:
It’s important to run photochlorinations in glassware that lets UV light in, since if the glass blocks the radiation that is needed to produce a large amount of chlorine radical from the chlorine molecules nothing will happen inside the flask. In this case I used Pyrex glassware that is perfect for most cases.
Important note: UV radiation besides it generates reactive species from chlorine molecules also damages eyes and skin, so in every case, these type of reactions should be covered with something (e.g. aluminium foil) to avoid any accident.Â
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The chlorination of drinking water virtually eliminated the danger of typhoid (figure 12.2). In the 1910s, municipalities across the country adopted chlorination.
"Plagues Upon the Earth: Disease and the Course of Human History" - Kyle Harper
Chlorination: A Key Step in Clean Water Supply
Access to clean, safe water is fundamental to public health. Among the many processes involved in water treatment, chlorination stands out as a reliable and effective method to ensure water safety. Used globally for over a century, chlorination of water has significantly reduced the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid read more here…
How Chlorination Process Ensure Safe Drinking?
Access to clean and safe drinking water is one of the most fundamental needs of human life. Yet, billions around the world still face the threat of waterborne diseases due to contaminated water sources. Among the various methods used to purify water, the chlorination process has emerged as one of the most effective and widely adopted solutions globally read more here…
