#bioindicators

Freshwater ecosystems face numerous environmental challenges, including climate change, eutrophication, and pollution. These factors can significantly influence zooplankton community structure and bacterial loads. This review highlights the ecological factors influencing zooplankton community structure and bacterial loads in Rajasthan’s freshwater ecosystems, offering a global perspective. Zooplanktons are essential components of aquatic food chains and serve as effective bioindicators of environmental health. They are sensitive to changes in physical-chemical conditions and climatic variations. Eutrophic conditions often reflect species composition that indicates pollution levels and anthropogenic impacts. Various studies reported high levels of bacterial content during the rainy season, particularly coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli. This condition is due to poor sanitation and surface runoff. Various researchers identified that Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa often coincided with water-borne diseases such as diarrhea and typhoid. The increased bacterial loads in water bodies during the monsoon season intensify public health risks. Our analysis reveals that environmental factors such as temperature, pH, nutrient levels, and land use patterns can significantly impact zooplankton community composition and bacterial loads. We also explore global patterns and trends related to these communities and discuss the implications for freshwater management and conservation efforts. This review highlights the need for more comprehensive integrated management strategies that include zooplankton analysis alongside measurements of bacterial abundance. Such approaches are essential for developing effective protection measures and health policies.

Freshwater ecosystems face numerous environmental challenges, including climate change, eutrophication, and pollution. These factors can significantly influence zooplankton community structure and bacterial loads. This review highlights the ecological factors influencing zooplankton community structure and bacterial loads in Rajasthan’s freshwater ecosystems, offering a global perspective. Zooplanktons are essential components of aquatic food chains and serve as effective bioindicators of environmental health. They are sensitive to changes in physical-chemical conditions and climatic variations. Eutrophic conditions often reflect species composition that indicates pollution levels and anthropogenic impacts. Various studies reported high levels of bacterial content during the rainy season, particularly coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli. This condition is due to poor sanitation and surface runoff. Various researchers identified that Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa often coincided with water-borne diseases such as diarrhea and typhoid. The increased bacterial loads in water bodies during the monsoon season intensify public health risks. Our analysis reveals that environmental factors such as temperature, pH, nutrient levels, and land use patterns can significantly impact zooplankton community composition and bacterial loads. We also explore global patterns and trends related to these communities and discuss the implications for freshwater management and conservation efforts. This review highlights the need for more comprehensive integrated management strategies that include zooplankton analysis alongside measurements of bacterial abundance. Such approaches are essential for developing effective protection measures and health policies.

The snails are very important part of the food chain and excellent source of calcium in the ecosystem for the birds during their breeding season. They are intermediate hosts of many parasites. This study was conducted to estimate the species relative abundance, the effects of abiotic factors on different snail species, which led us to the finding of the indicator species in the agro ecosystem of Faisalabad,. Total of 19,290 snails were collected from crop lands of 24 villages. The species were identified with the help of recent identification keys and RAPD markers. Three snail species i.e. Physa fontinalis, Zooctecus insularis and Ceciliodes acicula were found completely absent from most of the villages except a few, indicating that the possible cause may be presence of arsenic. Other abiotic factors i.e. Cd, Pb, pH and Electrical conductivity are within the permissible limits. These species can be considered extremely important for biomonitoring. This study can be used as a predictive model to estimate environmental degradation.