#asadverb

    Preposition “Since”

  The preposition since has several meanings and can be used in various contexts. Here are the main meanings of since with examples for each:   Time-related meaning - Point in time: Since can indicate a specific point in time when an action began or an event occurred. Example: I have been working at this company since 2010.       Time-related meaning – Duration: Since can be used to show the duration of an action or event that started in the past and continues into the present. Example: She has been studying English since her childhood.         Time-related meaning – From a past point until now: Since can indicate a starting point in the past that continues up to the present. Example: He has lived in this city since his graduation from college.         Reason or Cause: Since can be used to introduce a reason or cause for something. Example: Since the heavy raining, we should stay indoors.         Because of the fact that: Since can also be used as a synonym for because of Example: I couldn't attend the meeting since a doctor's appointment.         In the intervening period from then until now: Since can be used to refer to the time that has passed between two points in the past and the present. Example: Since our last meeting, a lot has changed.         Considering that: Since can be used to introduce a statement that takes into account information that has been previously mentioned or is known. Example: Since your experience in marketing, you can lead the advertising campaign.         After the time when: In some contexts, since can be used to mean after. Example: They've been friends since kindergarten, but they drifted apart after high school.     It's important to note that the meaning of since in a sentence can often be determined by the context in which it is used.              

Since as an adverb:

  The word since can also be used as an adverb in some contexts, typically to convey a sense of time or because of a previous action. Here are examples of since used as an adverb:     Subsequently or from that time forward:   She left the company, and since, her career has flourished. In this example, since is used as an adverb to indicate that her career started flourishing after she left the company.       Continuously from a specified time in the past: He went to the gym last year. He has been exercising regularly since. Here, since as an adverb emphasizes the continuous nature of his exercise regimen since the specified time (last year).       In the intervening period from a previous reference point: I saw her a year ago, and I haven't seen her since. In this case, since as an adverb highlights the time that has passed between the initial meeting (a year ago) and the present.         For this reason; therefore: He wanted to learn a new language, and since he had a passion for French culture, he chose to study French. In this sentence, since is used as an adverb to indicate the reason or motivation behind his choice to study French.         In the time following an event or action: She worked tirelessly on the project and has since received recognition for her efforts.  Since here emphasizes the time that has passed following her hard work on the project and her subsequent recognition.     In these examples, since as an adverb provides additional information about time, causality, or continuity in the sentence.            

Since as a conjunction:

  Preposition “Up”

    Direction/Location: Upward: Moving or pointing in a higher position.   She looked up at the stars.   The cat climbed up the tree.       Towards a Higher Place: When going to a place of higher elevation.   We hiked up the mountain.   Can you drive up to the summit?       These are some of the most common meanings of the preposition up in English, and there can be additional nuances depending on the context in which it is used.       Up with numbers:  Up can be used with numbers and amounts to indicate an approximation or an increase. Here are some examples:     There were up to 50 people at the event. This suggests that there were approximately 50 people at the event, but not necessarily exactly 50.     The cost of the project could be up to $10,000. This implies that the project's cost may reach as high as $10,000, but it could be less.      The temperature is expected to rise up to 90 degrees Fahrenheit this week. This means that the temperature may reach a maximum of 90 degrees Fahrenheit at some point during the week.     The package contains up to 20 individually wrapped chocolates. This indicates that there are approximately 20 chocolates in the package, but the actual number might be slightly less.     The bonus for sales performance can be up to 5% of your annual salary. Employees can receive a bonus of approximately 5% of their salary, but it might be lower depending on their performance.     The flight delay could be up to two hours. Passengers should prepare for a possible delay of around two hours, but it could be shorter.     The shelf can hold up to 30 pounds of weight. The shelf is designed to support approximately 30 pounds, but exceeding this limit may cause damage.     The restaurant's wait time is up to 30 minutes during peak hours. Diners may have to wait for around 30 minutes, but it could be shorter or longer depending on the crowd.       In these sentences, up to is used to convey an approximation or a maximum amount, indicating that the actual number or amount might vary within a certain range.             Up as an adjective:   The energy level is up in the office after the team's success.   His confidence is up since he started his new job.   The enthusiasm is up among the students as they prepare for the school play.   Productivity is up in the factory since the new equipment was installed.   Sales are up this quarter, thanks to the new marketing campaign.   The attendance is up at the museum following the opening of a new exhibit.   Motivation is up in the gym with the arrival of a new personal trainer.   Interest is up in the stock market due to recent developments.   In these examples, to be + up is used to indicate that a particular quality or quantity is increased or elevated.           Up as a particle in phrasal verbs: Up can function as a particle in phrasal verbs and expressions. Here are some examples:     Wake up: I usually wake up at 7:00 AM on weekdays. She woke up feeling refreshed and ready for the day.     Eat up: Please eat up your dinner; there are starving children in the world. He ate up all the cookies in one sitting.     Clean up: We need to clean up the kitchen after cooking dinner. The volunteers helped clean up the park after the event.     Catch up: I need to catch up on my reading; I've fallen behind. Let's meet for coffee and catch up on each other's lives.     Give up: Don't give up on your dreams; keep working towards your goals. He finally gave up smoking after years of trying.     Pick up: Can you pick up some groceries on your way home? The children picked up seashells on the beach.     Show up: She promised to show up at the party, but she never did. Will you be able to show up for the meeting tomorrow?     Shut up: Please shut up; I'm trying to concentrate. He told them to shut up and listen.     Hurry up: We need to hurry up if we want to catch the train. Hurry up and finish your homework before bedtime.     Dress up: They dressed up in their best outfits for the wedding. Don't forget to dress up for the costume party.     Cheer up: I tried to cheer him up after he received the bad news. Her friends are planning to visit her to cheer her up.     Make up (in the context of reconciling): They had a disagreement, but they made up the next day. It's important to make up after an argument in a relationship.     These examples illustrate how up is used as a particle in various phrasal verbs, adding specific meanings or nuances to the verbs they modify.          

Up as an adverb:

When you use the adverb up with verbs of motion, it often implies movement in a higher direction or above something. Here are some examples:   I climbed up to reach the top shelf. In this sentence, climbed up indicates moving in a higher direction to reach a higher point (the top shelf).   The birds flew up into the sky. Flew up suggests that the birds moved vertically into the higher part of the sky.   She jumped up to catch the ball. Jumped up implies that she leaped upward to catch the ball, indicating a motion towards a higher position.   The hot air balloon floated up above the trees. Floated up means that the hot air balloon ascended vertically, going above the trees.   He swam up to the surface of the water for a breath of air. Swam up indicates that he moved upwards through the water to reach the surface, which is above him.   The elevator took us up to the 10th floor. Took up signifies the elevator's upward movement to reach the 10th floor, which is higher in the building.   They hiked up to enjoy the view from the peak. Hiked up describes their journey upward along the mountain to reach the summit, which is the highest point.    The rocket blasted off and headed up into space. Headed up indicates the rocket's upward trajectory into the expanse of space.       In these examples, up is used with verbs like climb, fly, jump, float, swim, take, hike, and head to convey the idea of motion in a higher direction or above something.             Adverb up with the verbs of motion for proximity,closeness to something or somebody:   Come up: I saw a school of fish come up to the surface to catch the sunlight. The submarine will come up from the depths of the ocean in a few minutes.     Run up: She decided to run up to the hill to get some exercise. The children ran up to the front of the stage to see the magician up close.     Swim up: The adventurous snorkeler decided to swim up to the coral reef to explore its beauty. The dolphins playfully swam up to the boat, delighting the passengers.     Sail up: The sailors prepared to sail up the river and reach the picturesque lakeside village. As they sailed up the coast, they enjoyed breathtaking views of the coastline.     In these sentences, up is used with each of these verbs of motion to indicate the direction of movement or action.             Adverb up with some verbs for the termination of the action: When up is combined with certain verbs, it can indicate the termination or completion of work or tasks. Here are some examples:   Finish up: I'll finish up this report and send it to you by the end of the day. She finished up her work early so she could enjoy the evening.     Pack up: It's time to pack up the equipment and head home. After the picnic, we'll need to pack up the picnic blankets and leftovers.     Drink up: The waiter advised us to drink up our water as it was a hot day. He always drinks up his coffee before starting work.     Sell up: Due to financial difficulties, they had to sell up their family business. The decision to sell up their property was a tough one.     Fill up: Don't forget to fill up the gas tank before going on a long road trip. She filled up the sink with soapy water to do the dishes.     Eat up: The children were told to eat up their vegetables before having dessert. He ate up all the pizza; there's none left.     Use up: We need to use up the old paint before opening the new cans. She used up all her vacation days for the year.     Buy up: Investors started to buy up shares of the company after the positive earnings report. During the sale, customers rushed to buy up discounted items.     Grow up: When I grow up, I want to be a firefighter. He's grown up to be a responsible young adult.       These examples demonstrate how up combined with specific verbs can indicate the conclusion or termination of various tasks, projects, or activities.             Adverb up with the other common verbs: Here are examples of common verbs paired with the adverb up:   Fill up: Please fill up the gas tank before we hit the road. I'll fill up the water pitcher for the meeting.     Get up: I need to get up early for work tomorrow. She got up from her chair and stretched.     Give up: Don't give up on your dreams; keep trying. He gave up his seat to the elderly passenger.     Look up: I'll look up that information in the encyclopedia. She looked up at the stars in the night sky.     Make up (in the sense of inventing): She can make up stories on the spot. I'll make up a funny excuse for being late.     Make up for (in the sense of compensating): I'll work extra hours to make up for the time I missed. A kind gesture can make up for a mistake.     Pick up: Can you pick up some groceries on your way home? He picked up the dropped papers from the floor.     Ring up: The cashier will ring up your items at the checkout. I'll ring up the restaurant to make a reservation.     Call up: I'll call up my friend and invite her to the party. He called up the company to inquire about job openings.     Stand up: Please stand up and introduce yourself to the class. He stood up for his beliefs even when it was difficult.     Wake up: I usually wake up at 6:30 AM on weekdays. The alarm clock will wake you up in the morning.     These examples illustrate how the adverb up is combined with various verbs to convey different actions and meanings in English.            

Preposition up in word expressions:

Preposition “Without”

The preposition without has several meanings and can be used in various contexts. Here are some of its common meanings:         Lack of Something: Without is often used to indicate the absence or lack of something.   I can't make coffee without water.   She went to the party without her phone.   He couldn't sleep without his favorite teddy bear.             Not Using or Excluding: It can also indicate that something is not being used or is excluded.   She solved the puzzle without any hints.   I'll eat my salad without dressing.   They played the game without rules.               Outside or Beyond: Without can imply being outside of a particular range or limit.   The temperature dropped to ten degrees without warning.   He left the room without saying a word.   The car ran for miles without any issues.             In Spite of: It can indicate that something happens in spite of an obstacle or condition.   She finished the marathon without training.   He succeeded without any formal education.   They survived without any help.                 Free from: Without can mean being free from a particular quality or characteristic.   The painting was beautiful without a flaw.   He was without fear in the face of danger.   The garden was without weeds.                   Outside of: It can imply being outside a certain period or range.   The package arrived without the expected delivery time.   He can't work without his usual office hours.   The store is closed without notice.                 Not Having: It can indicate not possessing something.   She managed to succeed without any special skills.   I can't imagine life without you.   They lived happily without wealth.                 Exemption or Exception: In some legal contexts, without can signify an exemption or exception from a rule or requirement.   The defendant was released without bail.   The contract is null and void without proper signatures.   You can't enter the restricted area without proper authorization.       These are some of the common meanings of the preposition without. The specific meaning can vary depending on the context in which it is used.                

Preposition without in combination with gerund

(the absence of an action): 

  When the preposition without is used with gerund, it is often used to indicate the negation or absence of an action. Here are some examples:   Without studying, I won't pass the exam. (Negation of studying as a necessary action for passing the exam.)   He left the party without saying goodbye to anyone. (Negation of saying goodbye as an action when leaving the party.)   She managed to complete the project without asking for help. (Negation of asking for help as an action during the project.)   They enjoyed the concert without clapping at the end. (Negation of clapping as an action at the end of the concert.)   I can't imagine my day without drinking coffee in the morning. (Negation of drinking coffee as an action in the morning.)   He went on a hike without bringing any supplies. (Negation of bringing supplies as an action for the hike.)   She cooked a delicious meal without using any recipes. (Negation of using recipes as an action during cooking.)   They decided to go on a road trip without making any plans in advance. (Negation of making plans as an action before the road trip.)   I managed to solve the puzzle without looking at the answer key. (Negation of looking at the answer key as an action during solving the puzzle.)   He often falls asleep without watching television. (Negation of watching television as an action before falling asleep.)              

Without as an adverb (outside, out of):

  When without is used as an adverb to mean outside or outdoors, it can describe a location or situation. Here are some examples:   They decided to dine without, enjoying their meal in the garden. (They chose to eat outdoors in the garden.)   We spent the evening sitting without, gazing at the stars. (We sat outdoors, looking at the stars.)   The children played without until the sun went down. (The children played outside until it got dark.)   She prefers to work without, finding inspiration in nature. (She likes to work outdoors, drawing inspiration from the natural surroundings.)   They had a picnic without by the river. (They had a picnic beside the river, in an outdoor setting.)   He read his book without on the porch swing. (He read his book outdoors while sitting on the porch swing.)   The wedding ceremony was held without under a beautiful oak tree. (The wedding took place outdoors, beneath a lovely oak tree.)   The campfire crackled without as they roasted marshmallows. (The campfire burned outside as they toasted marshmallows.)   They set up a tent without and spent the night in the wilderness. (They pitched a tent outdoors and camped in the wild.)   The concert was so popular that people stood without to listen. (The concert was crowded, and some people stood outside to listen.)   In these examples, without is used as an adverb to describe activities or situations that occur in an outdoor or open-air setting.              

Preposition without in phrasal verbs:

  Without is used in various phrasal verbs to convey different meanings. Here are some examples of phrasal verbs with without:   Do Without: This means to manage or get by without something that is usually considered necessary or desirable.   We had to do without electricity for several hours during the storm.   He can do without a car in the city because of the excellent public transportation.       Go Without: Similar to do without, this phrasal verb means to endure or survive without something.   She's decided to go without sugar in her diet.   The soldiers went without sleep for days during the mission.       Reckon Without: This means to fail to consider or anticipate something or someone in your plans or calculations.   They reckoned without the possibility of bad weather on their camping trip.   The team reckoned without the opponent's strong defense during the game.       Live Without: This phrasal verb means to exist or continue one's life without a particular thing or person.   I can't live without my morning coffee.   She couldn't imagine living without her best friend.       Run Without: In a business or organizational context, run without can mean to function or operate without a particular element.   The company had to run without its CEO for a month due to illness.   The computer program can run without an internet connection.   These phrasal verbs add different nuances to the use of without, indicating various actions, conditions, or situations in which the absence or presence of something is significant.              

Word expressions with without: