#ancient document

The Old Covenant, or Old Testament, sets the standard for spiritual living, promoting good health and a prosperous life centered on God. As the Israelites learn more about God's sovereignty and holiness, they also become aware of their own shortcomings and are required to offer blood sacrifices at the altar for the atonement of their sins. Nevertheless, God promises to deliver the Israelites from their sins and provide them with a true king and messiah. The Old Covenant's purpose is to reveal how far humanity has strayed from God, with our sinful natures obstructing the lives God intended for us.

Romans 3:20 (NIV) states, "Therefore no one will be declared righteous in God’s sight by the works of the law; rather, through the law, we become conscious of our sin." This verse highlights the main function of the Old Covenant: to make us aware of our sins and establish the foundation for the New Covenant. The Ten Commandments, outlined in Exodus 20, convey God's desire for us to prioritize our spiritual needs and recognize that we are spiritual beings inhabiting physical bodies.

In the 10 commandments, God urges us to turn inward and seek His eternal truths, cautioning us against idolatry and excessive indulgence in material things that could hinder our spiritual growth. By placing our spiritual development first, we open the door to receiving everything we desire in life.

It also emphasizes the importance of respecting and honoring God's name, as well as the power of our speech. We are reminded that our words have immense influence, and we must use them wisely. The commandment to observe the Sabbath highlights the need for balance in our physical and spiritual lives, dedicating time to both work and rest.

The final commandments address honoring one's parents, refraining from murder, adultery, theft, bearing false witness, and coveting. While these commandments may seem straightforward, Jesus explains in Matthew 5:28 (NIV) that even lustful thoughts are equivalent to committing adultery in one's heart. This demonstrates the strict nature of God's laws, which apply not only to our actions but also to our thoughts and intentions.

The Old Covenant serves to show us the extent of our deviation from God's original design, revealing the stark contrast between the physical and spiritual realms. Despite our shortcomings, God's love for humanity is unwavering, and He desires to alleviate suffering and create a world where all our basic needs are met. John 3:16 (NIV) proclaims, "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life."

The Old Testament, with its meticulous historical records and fulfilled promises, serves as the foundation for the transformative New Covenant. The ultimate blood sacrifice of Jesus Christ liberates us from the need for animal sacrifices and paves the way for a new world of spiritual growth and divine connection.

Jesus was born in the quaint town of Bethlehem and experienced a childhood not unlike others of that time. Intriguingly, the Bible offers no account of Jesus' life prior to the age of thirty, save for one incident described by his friend Luke. During a visit to Jerusalem with his parents, Jesus went missing, prompting a frantic three-day search. Ultimately, they discovered him at the temple, engaging in animated conversations with religious teachers and posing thought-provoking questions. After a gentle admonishment, Jesus accompanied his parents back to their hometown. It is surmised that, in keeping with tradition, Jesus may have followed in his carpenter father's footsteps before commencing his ministry at the age of thirty—the age at which an Israelite could become a priest.

As Jesus continued to teach and enlighten, he consistently referenced the Torah and the Laws of Moses to validate his lessons. His teachings attracted a substantial following of influential Jews and Romans, but also alarmed Jewish authorities who felt their positions jeopardized by rumors of Jesus becoming the King of the Jews. Desperate to convict him, they attempted to catch him in either legal transgressions or contradictions with their laws, only to be consistently thwarted by Jesus' authoritative and unassailable explanations. In many instances, Jesus corrected these men's flawed understanding of the law, speaking boldly and fearlessly to high-ranking officials in a manner that would have had ordinary men executed.

By challenging Israel's religious leaders and rebuking influential figures, Jesus sparked a revolutionary movement. Defying cultural norms, he offered compassion and healing to gentiles and unbelievers, providing hope and becoming a cornerstone for the oppressed. Undeterred by the turmoil he incited among authorities, Jesus continued to heal the brokenhearted and proclaim God's Word. He identified Old Testament prophecies and scriptures referencing his arrival, yet Jewish leaders' animosity and envy only grew, fueling their schemes against this widely revered teacher.

Through his tender yet commanding demeanor, Jesus laid the foundation for a new covenant, making disciples to disseminate the good news of forgiveness and the truths of both the old and forthcoming covenants. Though he performed numerous awe-inspiring miracles, his most significant achievement was the fulfillment of the old covenant, which he elucidated to the Jews.

Matthew 5:17 New Living Translation

“Don’t misunderstand why I have come. I did not come to abolish the law of Moses or the writings of the prophets. No, I came to accomplish their purpose.

It is challenging to grasp that Jesus' ultimate purpose was to sacrifice himself for the sins of the world, and even more unfathomable that such a dramatic event was required to fulfill the law. However, upon reflection, this pivotal moment in history reveals an undeniable divine design. Every aspect was meticulously orchestrated to etch this event into history and the collective consciousness of humanity.

The Passover, initially an agricultural spring festival, prompted the entire population of the kingdom of Judah to journey to Jerusalem. During this public holiday, the city teemed with jubilant celebrants commemorating their escape from Egypt. Much like a carnival or music festival, the city was alive with excitement and anticipation, especially as rumors circulated that the new king of Israel would appear. In this particular year, the bustling atmosphere was comparable to a popular holiday destination in December.

Indeed, the king of Israel arrived, welcomed by throngs of people who lined his path with palm branches and their own garments. It was a triumphant entrance reminiscent of a championship football team's homecoming. Jesus' miraculous deeds and teachings had spread far and wide, and he had become a beacon of hope for countless downtrodden and oppressed individuals. They chanted praises, celebrating his arrival (Matthew 21:9 NLT).

However, the festivities took a dark turn as the time for prophecy fulfillment arrived. The plot to kill Jesus came to fruition as he was captured, tried, and ultimately crucified, despite being found innocent by the Roman governor who presided over his trial. The tumultuous crucifixion was an essential component of God's plan, witnessed by the entire Jewish nation. Jesus' final words on the cross signified the accomplishment and fulfillment of the ancient prophecy and covenant.

John 19:28-30 (NLTSE) Jesus knew that his mission was now finished, and to fulfill Scripture he said, "I am thirsty." A jar of sour wine was sitting there, so they soaked a sponge in it, put it on a hyssop branch, and held it up to his lips. When Jesus had tasted it, he said, "It is finished!" Then he bowed his head and released his spirit.

At that instant, a massive earthquake shook Jerusalem, and the temple's central curtain, which separated the Holy of Holies, was miraculously torn asunder. This marked the beginning of the new covenant established by God himself for all eternity. The tearing of the veil symbolized that all humanity now had access to God (Hebrews 10:19-25 NLT).y

The extraordinary events in Jerusalem had only just begun, as the people of Israel were about to witness a revelation far greater than they could have imagined. After Jesus' death, Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judaea, ordered Jesus' body to be placed in a tomb and guarded indefinitely. Both Roman and Jewish authorities were aware of Jesus' claim that he would be resurrected after three days, so Roman soldiers were stationed to secure the tomb. It is likely that Jewish authorities also sent their own guards to keep watch.

Despite various theories attempting to explain the mysterious disappearance of Jesus' body, he reappeared three days later, alive and well. Numerous accounts in the Bible document Jesus' post-resurrection appearances. On one occasion, he revealed himself to a crowd of over 500 people, allowing them to touch him to dispel their disbelief. A few decades later, the Apostle Paul wrote to the Corinthians, reiterating the magnitude of Jesus' resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:6 NLT).

The new covenant ushers in hope for the unification of all people, inspiring us to embrace individuals of every race under a single emblem. We can now proudly bear the standard of "forgiveness of sins," a beacon illuminating our spiritual journey towards an undiscovered realm, a standard that all can confidently claim as their own. The new covenant heralds our spiritual inheritance and unveils the origin of our existence. As warriors of the kingdom, we are no longer burdened by laws etched on heavy stone tablets; instead, we are graced with new, lighter laws inscribed upon our hearts. The Apostle Paul expresses this sentiment in a letter to the Corinthians (2 Corinthians 3:7-10 NLT).

Romans 6:14 (NLTSE) reminds us that sin is no longer our master, as we now live under the freedom of God's grace.

The essence of the new law is straightforward: acknowledge the reality of God incarnate and accept His gift of "The Termination of Sin." Trust in Jesus and devote yourself to comprehending His teachings. While the concept of the new law is simple, its implications are boundless, and the intricacies of the new covenant surpass human understanding. The old laws, inscribed on weighty stone tablets, encapsulate the initial phase of God's creation, while the second covenant serves as the vessel for the continuation of creation.

If we pay attention, we will discover a law not only written on our hearts, but also evolving within them—alive and akin to a living, breathing organism. Recognizing that guilt and despair belong to the past, while joy, peace, and freedom are within reach, is the very essence of the ongoing creation, in which we all play a role. God is not idly observing His completed work; He is ceaselessly creating and permeating the elements of the natural universe as we understand it.

While everything in the material world evolves, the word of God endures eternally unaltered. Biblical truths hold relevance today, just as they did for past generations, and will remain applicable tomorrow and beyond. Like the renowned "blockchain technology," the Bible is the everlasting spiritual ledger encompassing all truths from the beginning of time to the end. The Word of God will always be the definitive guide for answering the heart's questions.

Figure 3 Beginning of Dositheus’ grammar in the ninth-century manuscript St. Gall 902, p. 8.

in: E. Dickey, Learning Latin the Ancient Way. Latin Textbooks from the Ancient World (2016)

You yourselves are a case study of what he does. At one time you all had your backs turned to God, thinking rebellious thoughts of him, giving him trouble every chance you got. But now, by giving himself completely at the Cross, actually dying for you, Christ brought you over to God's side and put your lives together, whole and holy in his presence. You don't walk away from a gift like that! You stay grounded and steady in that bond of trust, constantly tuned in to the Message, careful not to be distracted or diverted. There is no other Message - just this one. Every creature under heaven gets this same Message. I, Paul, am a messenger of this Message

He replied, "You are permitted to understand the secrets of the Kingdom of Heaven, but others are not. To those who listen to my teaching, more understanding will be given, and they will have an abundance of knowledge. But for those who are not listening, even what little understanding they have will be taken away from them. That is why I use these parables,

For they look, but they don't really see.

They hear, but they don't really listen or understand.

This fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah that says,

'When you hear what I say,

you will not understand.

When you see what I do,

you will not comprehend.

For the hearts of these people are hardened,

and their ears cannot hear,

and they have closed their eyes–

so their eyes cannot see,

and their ears cannot hear,

and their hearts cannot understand,

and they cannot turn to me

and let me heal them.'

"But blessed are your eyes, because they see; and your ears, because they hear. I tell you the truth, many prophets and righteous people longed to see what you see, but they didn't see it. And they longed to hear what you hear, but they didn't hear it.

"Now listen to the explanation of the parable about the farmer planting seeds: The seed that fell on the footpath represents those who hear the message about the Kingdom and don't understand it. Then the evil one comes and snatches away the seed that was planted in their hearts. The seed on the rocky soil represents those who hear the message and immediately receive it with joy. But since they don't have deep roots, they don't last long. They fall away as soon as they have problems or are persecuted for believing God's word. The seed that fell among the thorns represents those who hear God's word, but all too quickly the message is crowded out by the worries of this life and the lure of wealth, so no fruit is produced. The seed that fell on good soil represents those who truly hear and understand God's word and produce a harvest of thirty, sixty, or even a hundred times as much as had been planted!"