#aedile

Aedile

The aedile was an official of the Roman Republic who maintained Roman roads, supervised the grain and water supply, and provided the city's citizens with games among other duties. Initially, they were plebeian and elected annually by the Concilium Plebis or Council of Plebs, but from 367 BCE, two aedile curules of the patrician class joined their plebeian colleagues. The role evolved and expanded during the Roman Republic, and the office of aedile was often seen as an integral part of the cursus honorum, one step on the path to become a consul. With Augustus assuming many duties of the aedile himself and the rise of the Roman Empire, the office disappeared.

Evolution of the Role

The Roman people emerged from the rule of the Etruscan kings with an innovative form of government: a republic. The aristocratic families - the patricians - created a three-branch system that contained a centuriate assembly, a Senate, and two co-executives called consuls. These consuls were elected by the assembly, and, while only serving a one-year term, had the power of a king. However, the growth of the city and the burden of administering the newly acquired provinces along the Mediterranean Sea called for additional magistrates to assume some of the powers of the consul. Among these new officials were the praetor who dispensed justice, the quaestor who handled financial affairs, and the aedile who (among other duties) maintained Roman roads, supervised the grain and water supply, and provided the city's citizens with games.

While some evidence indicates the office existed under the Etruscans as a caretaker of records and public monies, the aediles - initially two were chosen from the plebeian class - surfaced during the Republic as subordinate officers to the tribunes of the plebeians, supervising the temples and plebeian cults, Ceres and Diana in particular. They were elected annually by the Concilium Plebis or Council of Plebs. In 367 BCE two aedile curules were created and, unlike their fellow plebeian aediles, they came from the patrician class and were elected annually by the centuriate assembly. These latter aediles eventually became magistrates and part of the cursus honorum. The role of the aedile was expanded to include maintaining the cura urbis or fabric of the city (the roads, public buildings and police force) and the cura annonae or city's grain supply. And, if the need arose, he would assume some of the duties of the censor. But most importantly, they were placed in charge of the many annual festivals and public games. Later, the office of aedile curules became available to plebeians, and after the admission of plebeians to the rank, it was held alternately by both patricians and plebeians.

Although not essential, the office of aedile was often seen as an integral part of the “Path of Honors”, one step on the path to become a consul. An individual might begin his climb as a military tribune, eventually rising to the office of quaestor. If he were a plebeian, he had the option of becoming either a tribune of the plebs or an aedile. However, if he were a patrician, his only option was to become an aedile. From there, if he was successful and impressed the appropriate people as an aedile, he could become a praetor, the only other officer beside the consul with imperium powers. Lastly, if he had been successful and, like some, bribed the right individuals, he would become a consul, the pinnacle of a politician's career.

While an ambitious aedile received the usual government allowance to perform his duties, it was not always sufficient, especially if he planned on becoming a consul. Often, he would have to use personal money or borrow heavily to curry favor with those in the assembly and Roman Senate, staging elaborate gladiatorial contests and public games. If successful, he would advance; if not, he was politically ruined.

Marcus Tullius Cicero

There was no written constitution. The Republic evolved from the struggle between the Senate and the People - Senatus Populusque Romanus - SPQR.

The Senate was the governing body, largely in the hands of the patricians. It prepared proposals to bring before the people, passed decrees (senatus consulta), dealt with emergencies, controlled finances and building contracts, appointed magistrates to provinces, directed foreign relations, and supervised state religion. 

The resolutions of the people could have the force of law, but the Senate was allowed greater control. There were four assembles: formal duties, elected magistrates, elected lesser magistrates, passed plebiscite (Latin: comitia curiata, comitia centuriata, comitia tribute, comitia plebis).

A third class emerged (originally from Rome’s cavalry) to engage in trade and finance. These businessmen acquired more political influence and became wealthy. By the time of Cicero, equestrians (also known as equites or knights) could enter the Senate. Cicero tried to reconcile the three classes (senators, equites and plebs) by his concordia ordinum (harmony of the classes).

A magistrate was an official elected annually by the people. Offices were held in a strict order - cursus honorum. After ten years of military service, a young Roman man could begin on the lowest rung of the ladder as follows:

Quaestor - administered finance and maintained public records

Aedile - maintained roads, water supply, and organised games and festivals

Praetor - civil judge, could introduce laws

Consul - commanded army, conducted elections, presided over Senate, carried out decrees

Other magistrates include:

Tribune - defended rights of the common people and had right of veto

Censor - conducted census every five years, conducted purification, revised roll of senators

Dictator - ruled in crisis (maximum of 6 months) and conducted military and domestic matters

Imperium (supreme power) was held by consuls, praetors and dictators

Potestas (power to enforce laws) was held by all magistrates

Roman Games, Chariot Races & Spectacle

If there was one thing the Roman people loved it was spectacle and the opportunity of escapism offered by weird and wonderful public shows which assaulted the senses and ratcheted up the emotions. Roman rulers knew this well and so to increase their popularity and prestige with the people they put on lavish and spectacular shows in purpose-built venues across the empire. Such famous venues as the Colosseum and Circus Maximus of Rome would host events involving magnificent processions, exotic animals, gladiator battles, chariot races, executions and even mock naval battles.

Venues

It is significant that most of the best-preserved buildings from the Roman period are those which were dedicated to entertainment. Amphitheatres and circuses were built across the empire and even army camps had their own arena. The largest amphitheatre was the Colosseum with a capacity of at least 50,000 (likely more, if one factors in the smaller bodies and different sense of personal space compared to modern standards) whilst the Circus Maximus could hold a massive 250,000 spectators according to Pliny the Elder. With so many events on such a large scale, spectacles became a huge source of employment, from horse trainers to animal trappers, musicians to sand rakers.

From the end of the republic seats in the theatre, arena and circus were divided by class. Augustus established further rules so that slaves and free persons, children and adults, rich and poor, soldiers and civilians, single and married men were all seated separately, as were men from women. Naturally, the front row and more comfortable seats were reserved for the local senatorial class. Tickets were probably free to most forms of spectacle as organisers, whether city magistrates given the responsibility of providing public civic events, super-rich citizens or the emperors who would later monopolise control of spectacles, were all keen to display their generosity rather than use the events as a source of revenue.