#2.1.16

Hugo’s Salt About England: the chapter.

But first, let’s have some salt about historians! Donougher surprisingly does not have a footnote about Charras, the Only Good Historian according to Hugo, and the one who gets some pretty intense light symbolism. Is this someone that people of the time would have known, or is it a friend of Hugo’s? Either way, he is the only one not blinded -- is the implication that everyone else is blinded by the glory of Napoleon/the monarchy?

“In this event, which bears the stamp of transcendent necessity, the role of men counts for nothing." This is such an interesting sentence, because it seems to contradict everything Hugo’s been arguing up until this point. We know Hugo doesn’t really believe this, and it makes me think that he’s using ‘men’ here to mean exclusively Great Men. This is about the Napoleons and Bluchers and Wellingtons, not about Cambronne and the men in the well at Hougomont.

And this is about the French of today. This loss is not a reflection on their country or their glory or even their army. This loss does not diminish the pride a Frenchman should take in his country, for poor indeed is a nation that can only pride itself on its military victories. And Hugo, as one of the leading artists in his country, who shepherded younger talents as often and enthusiastically he could, is in a particularly good position to make the argument that his country is far, far more than just Waterloo or Napoleon.

Of course, he conveys this by taking potshots at England and Germany, but, Hugo’s gonna Hugo...

Also Wellington is Math and Probably Neoclassicism, and that is honestly kind of hilarious. Hugo can’t make Wellington un-win Waterloo, but by God he can strip as much credit for the victory from him as he possibly can. Wellington didn’t win the battle, God did, and anyway Napoleon was still better, so there. Heck, Hugo dislikes Wellington so much that he’s willing to praise England if it lets him knock Wellington down another peg.

Furthermore, the glory of the French army, the sacrifice of its soldiers, these things reflect well onto their commander. The English army’s same qualities, the dead lying buried in the fields, they diminish their commander and accuse him of trying to overshadow them. And yes, this is part of Hugo’s larger point about the end of Great Man history, and yes he has been weaving through this idea that it was the soldiers who won Waterloo since the beginning, but also Hugo Does Not Like Wellington and he’s not afraid to tell you that.

The title sums up what Hugo has been telling us all along. Even the greatest of men are made of ordinary clay and dust.

I like that Hugo places the artists and the writers above the warriors and war. Byron is greater than Wellington and Goethe is greater than Blucher (Romantic authors are greater than Generals, this is pretty funny to me, I’m sorry, even if I agree with him). Hugo emphasised the continuity of words and writing in Notre Dame de Paris and he does that now. For him, the written word and art are long lasting and worthy of being remembered than heroes in battle. Progress and civilisation instead of war, is I think the main point of this chapter. It’s something that Combeferre also talks about later.

Hugo also says that people’s dignity and work cannot be quantified and thrown into the battle, which is much like a lottery, I can’t help but feel that the numbers at the end of the chapter are also meant to drive this point home, with the very blunt way he writes about people being killed. 

Wellington and Napoleon were opposites: Wellington was precise and orthodox in battle, Napoleon was guesswork, intuition and unorthodoxy, yet a genius.( Is that also a dig at how much Hugo dislikes Maths and therefore more reason to admire Napoleon?)

I can’t quite work out whether this might be a sly dig at the grudge between Classicism and Romanticism through Wellington, it feels like that, with the whole talk about 'time honoured traditions being routed and outraged' and 'the triumph of the undistinguished, pleasing to the majority'. But he does seem to feel that England and its people and their art deserves praise instead of Wellington.

Anyway, he continues to have opinions about the English, which are kind of funny, going as far as to say that the English respect authority and rank too much instead of the people, even after their 1688 and the French Revolution, they should rely more on people.

I love the last paragraph about the ghosts rising from the battlefield, it is at once very Gothic and really sketches a very vivid picture of the ghosts of the battle still existing even after so many years have passed by, even if the bit about the skeleton Napoleon and skeleton Wellington is pretty funny. The glint of spectres that keep slaughtering each other and the way it is juxtaposed with the calmness of the present, gives a horrifying view of war itself.  

2.1.17

Waterloo may not be regarded as good since it was counter revolutionary in the sense that European empires still tried to attack France like in the time of the French Revolution but despite all that Progress keeps coming in small steps.

‘Divine right rides on the back of Waterloo’ Waterloo may be a tragedy as Hugo mentioned in the previous chapter where thousands died but it was propelled by the hand of Divine and so is Progress and this is why Waterloo is so important and helps set up the rest of the book.

Moreover, Revolution is progress, even if the European Empires fighting against France may have tried to halt the progress for a time being, revolutions inevitably come, they cannot be stopped. They are decreed by Divine hand of God. Waterloo is important and has its place in history being also decreed by the Divine hand.

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We get it, Vic, Waterloo was inevitable.

“Waterloo, moreover, is the strangest encounter in history. Napoleon and Wellington. They are not enemies; they are opposites. Never did God, who is fond of antitheses, make a more striking contrast, a more extraordinary comparison.” Wellington was cool and calculating. Napoleon was impulsive and intuitive. At Waterloo, it was calculation which was needed.

However, it is not Wellington who deserves the praise, but the people. England views itself as a nation and not a people, so Wellington is exalted.

Waterloo was a massacre. Sixty thousand soldiers died.

“To-day the field of Waterloo has the calm which belongs to the earth, the impassive support of man, and it resembles all plains.