Medieval people had material and naturalistic understandings on why disease happened. They were wrong but they did not attribute it to "spirits" or "curses" most of the time. They had humoral theory (the four humors), miasma theory (they did know that an unclean environment was unhealthy, they just didn't know what kind or why), the idea of astrology having direct influence in health (which is very logical in a world where the night sky is a permanent fixture and the basis of your cosmology), and herbal medicine and practices.
None of it was really based on scientific principles, and all of it had a spiritual component but what's key here is that they did not think it was random "spirits". They did believe that morality had a role to play, you would be unfortunate and unhealthy if you didn't follow God's path. But they also very, very much recognized natural and physical sources of disease, as well as treatment.
Their ideas were wrong because they didn't had a scientific method behind it and were mostly isolated ideas by various scholars instead of a discipline (though the beginnings were there) but they would understand modern medicine. They would understand germ theory (especially if they had microscopes), hygiene and sanitation (they did bathe and care for a healthy body and place, they just didn't understand what it meant) and vaccines and modern medicines without having to talk about "angels and demons".
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