Going ham with the boys on the Caucasus Front, Easter 1916.

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Going ham with the boys on the Caucasus Front, Easter 1916.

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The ration biscuit takes various forms, some of which are small and palatable, but the type most frequently met with in Gallipoli was large and square, possessing the appearance of a dog biscuit and the consistency of a rock. It was no doubt of excellent nutritive quality, but, unfortunately, no ordinary pair of teeth was able to cope with it. Some spread jam upon it, and then licked the surface, thereby absorbing a few crumbs; others soaked it in tea (when there was any); while a few pounded it between two stones, and found that the result did not make bad porridge. - Major Bryan Cooper
The universally loathed hardtack. The Australian War Memorial actually has a lovely little collection of hardtack dating back to the Boer War. There's also some excellent hardtack art.
Hardtack picture frame
Hardtack Victoria Cross
Hardtack christmas card
Quick question:
Can you read cursive?*
Yes
No
Sort of/Slowly/With effort
Depends heavily on the handwriting
extra option for whatever I didn't think of
*to be clear, whether you can or do write it is a different question. If something is written in cursive, can you read it?
Yes, but getting used to some of the more unique hands takes a bit of practice. And then sometimes they're just taking the piss
If you answered yes to the poll, the National Archives could always use your help transcribing old cursive documents. It's completely online and super easy to start!
We highly recommend you begin by viewing the video How to Transcribe in the National Archives Catalog. Register Citizen Archivists must regi
Voted yes then realized "wow that's way more cursive than I recognize." I can read some of what's written with effort. But not enough to confidently transcribe them?
Like, the first one looks like some military letter? It's addressed to "Dear general Edmonds" and I see the word "long" capitalized in the top-right corner of the page. There's also a date that says "<month> 9th 1937" the month has to be either May or July since it's a short word ending with a "y," but the rest of the word doesn't really look like it says "May" or "July" and the last letter looks more like a "g" than a "y," so idk what's going on there.
But the body text, is, like:
(LINE 1) I <???> very <something that starts with "gu" or "qu" and ends with and "L" followed by something and then it ends with a "d," there might be a "z" in there? It kinda looks like the author was gonna say one thing then changed their mind? My best guess is "quized," but it might also say "guild," "gilded," or something else>
(LINE 2) <that might say "for" but could be wrong> <the first two letters are probably "ag" but could be wrong> from <that word ends with either "ounds" or "onds" it might say "arounds" or "wounds"?> <that either says "I" or "&">
(LINE 3) <long word that starts with "aff" there's also a "c" in the middle of that word> <that either says "to" or "&" if either of the things I said mean "&" then they can't both mean "&"> <some word that ends with "patting" >.
(LINE 4) I was in India in
(LINE 5) 1919; I <some word that starts with a "t", I think it says "think" or "thank"?> <???> my can
(LINE 6) atone <that's either a comma followed by an "&" or the word "it"> a mole <that looks like it says "tranquip" but that's not a word to my knowledge, the word definitely ends with "quip" tho> to
(LINE 7) <I want to say that word is "jumfo" but that's also not a word to my knowledge. The word definitely starts with a "j" and ends with "fo"> on to it; I now <that's a capitalized N followed by some letters. Looks like a 5 letter word? Can't tell if letters 2 & 3 are "ig," "iy," "ij," or "uj," but the last two letters are "ss," it could maaybe be "se" but it looks like "ss" it's probably someone's name?>
(LINE 8) <the word begins with "she" but idk what it is> <word starts with an "f" there's a "ct" that probably ends the first syllable, I think that syllable says "fract." The word ends with "icaly" but there's a letter between those two parts that looks like an "o"> senseless,
(LINE 9) I was in <???> with people
(LINE 10) who saw the <first letter is "h" and the word ends with "ths" i think it says "hearths"> in
(LINE 11) the city, <i think this is just a + sign> I know well
(LINE 12) <this either says "from" or "them" but I think it says "from"> <this might say "what" but it does look like a four letter word starting with "wh" followed by either "a" or "u" and ending with either "d" or "t"> my husband
(LINE 13) <that looks like it says "same" or "samed" tho the "s" might be a different letter> India <the word "my" is there, but there's a letter before it that might be a separate word but it might be the same word. I think the word "dry" is being used instead of "l my"> his
And that's where the page ends. I think someone's wife is sending a letter to someone about their whereabouts? But I can't really tell, unfortunately.
I have absolutely no expertise in this whatsoever, but I have done some citizen science stuff transcribing field notes from this era and I think that first example also contains some shorthand (maybe Pitman? apparently it was popular in the UK) which makes it even harder to read. I think you're on the right track though! I don't want to step on your toes and I could be totally wrong, but building from your ideas, here's my best guess, anything in square brackets is a shot in the dark:
Wife of General Dyer of [Umridge]
[?], Long [Ashton], Bristol
[July] 9th, 1937,
Dear General Edmonds,
I was very [grateful] for your kind words of appreciation + sympathy. I was in India in 1919; I [?] [in] my [car] alone, + a mob [?] to [jump] on so [?*] [saw or ran] Miss [* or Jo] [Sherwood][practicaly] senseless. I was in [So?I?] with people who knew the [horrors] in the city + I know well from what my husband [?*] in India [by] his
*possible shorthand; ex. the "<" in line 7 could be "that" if it's in Pitman
That's a pretty good effort!
Dear General Edmonds, I am very grateful for your kind words of appreciation and sympathy. I was in India in 1919; I had my car stoned, and a mob trying to jump on to it; I saw Miss Sherwood practically senseless, I was in touch with people who saw the horrors in the city and I know well from when my husband served Indian Army his …
If you want some context, it's a letter from Frances Dyer, wife of infamous piece of shit, Reginald Dyer. You probably haven't heard of him before, but you might have heard of the Amritsar massacre that he ordered. The Miss Sherwood mentioned in the letter was a missionary who worked in Amritsar, and whose attack by a local mob, was one of the inciting factors for the massacre.
Edmonds, was James Edmonds, the writer and editor of the British Official History of the First World War. He was in touch with just about every senior British officer from the war, and this is dated around the time that Reginald had another stroke, a couple of weeks before his death on 27 July.
Soldiers in woodland near Ypres marching along 'Regent Street', 1915
by Fortunino Matania
This was drawn by Matania whilst on a visit to the front line in 1915 and was accompanied by a further written report from the artist in the same issue. The scene depicts relief soldiers marching through 'Plug Street' or Ploegsteert Woods 8 miles from Ypres on the 'Regent Street' back to the front line trenches. Many of the main thoroughfares and trench links were given nicknames such as 'Regent Street', 'Rotten Row', 'Warrington Road' and 'Hellfire Corner'. The nicknames were painted on wooden signs which were hung for reference as can be seen clearly in this illustration with the sign board nailed to a tree.

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Quick question:
Can you read cursive?*
Yes
No
Sort of/Slowly/With effort
Depends heavily on the handwriting
extra option for whatever I didn't think of
*to be clear, whether you can or do write it is a different question. If something is written in cursive, can you read it?
Yes, but getting used to some of the more unique hands takes a bit of practice. And then sometimes they're just taking the piss
After the “war to end war” they seem to have been pretty successful in Paris at making a “Peace to end peace”.
Archibald Wavell to Guy Dawnay in 1919 when Wavell was a staff officer in Egypt.
You can't just throw this in at the end and not have some kind of reference. At least tell us whether they did or not
Instead of working on my phd, I figured out the deal with Tom's leg and the lion. Thankfully Tom wrote a memoir and Australian newspapers liked to gossip about state governors.
'In the spring of 1916' wrote Bridges, 'I got a recruit for the Division.' Bridges had been having lunch with Arthur Capel, a wealthy Anglo-French businessman (who famously had a decade long affair with Coco Chanel) and as he left, he spotted a lion cub in the yard. Capel offered Bridges 'the beast', which he had 'won in a Red Cross raffle a few days before'. Fetching a 'champagne basket', Bridges bundled the lion cub up and took it back to his division's HQ. There, they named the cub Poilu (the nickname for French soldiers, literally hairy). Poilu was apparently quite comfortable at divisional HQ. He 'made himself at home, for he was an amiable beast, and never showed temper and he stayed with us, running loose, until September 1917 when I was wounded.'
Bridges even wrote about how they found enough meat for Poilu.
He was not difficult to feed and it was one aide-de-camp’s job to see that he did not go hungry and this officer could be heard sometimes telephoning, 'Anybody got a dead horse this morning? All right, I'll send a car down for a haunch.'
Given the number of horses, donkeys and mules killed on the Western Front, I think it's likely they didn't have too hard a time finding food for Poilu.
Bridges' replacement in the 19th Division wasn't a fan and Poilu was crated up to be sent back to England.
Poilu escaped on the journey to England. Unfortunately for everyone involved, this happened at sea. Bridges wrote 'there was quite a party on board ship when he broke out of his crate during a rough passage and took command of the vessel, treeing crew and passengers on the bridge or in the rigging, until finally induced to enter a first-class cabin.' No word on how they got him out of the cabin.
Poilu's new home was in the private zoo of Garrard Tyrwhitt-Drake, a wealthy businessman who had an interest in animals and conservation. Poilu remained at the zoo for the next 18 years, fathering 5 lion cubs in that time.
Of Poilu's end Bridges wrote: 'Always the perfect gentleman, he contrived to die aged nineteen, on the 19th of June, this mascot of the 19th Division.'
So, where does the leg come in? Bridges' right leg was shattered by a shell explosion in September 1917 and was amputated either that night or the following day. What actually happened to the leg is not recorded.
But when your general's leg gets amputated and he's well known for having a pet lion, of course soldiers, of all people, are going to say he fed the leg to the lion. The rumour practically writes itself.
And it turns out to be based on a story that Bridges himself told. Here it is from a 1925 newspaper.
The story popped up repeatedly over the next few decades and the details vary on whether it was a wisecrack made to a nurse before surgery or whether he made sure the leg made it back to Poilu. Although according to some accounts, he seemed to joke that the leg did make it to Poilu.
By the end of his life, the story had grown, as stories tend to do, and we get the story in its fullest form.
It's a good story, and you can see how it's been polished (or embellished) over the years. Not sure why he had to throw the sexism in though.
Poilu was buried on the grounds of the Tyrwhitt-Drake zoo, Maidstone, in what is now Cobtree Manor Park, where his headstone still stands.
not very funny, but goddamn death looks sick in the glasses and coat
not very funny,
but goddamn death looks sick in
the glasses and coat
Beep boop! I look for accidental haiku posts. Sometimes I mess up.
I am all for the men getting off. I want them to be told they can get off as soon as they have done the task.
Look, Maxse really cared about the welfare of his men.

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French artisan demonstrates a tree trunk disguise for a trench periscope in Dijon circa 1918
I want to be careful what I say, yet I don’t think it will have any effect. There are a bout a dozen Machine Gunners among you – I don’t want you to be hurt at what I am going to say, but at the same time if you are not hurt I don’t think we shall get any better. If your resentment has the effect of driving it home, then I shall not mind a bit. In fact anyhow I shall not mind.
oh shit he's gonna rip them a new one
brutal
Oh General Maxse!
something on your mind bud?
31/8/18 My dear Maxse, Many thanks for your tracts, which I have read with interest. Yes, I think they supply a long felt want, and will be useful to those want to learn, of course, the moment is not very propitious for training propaganda, as the immediate question is the amount of MG fire which is coming from the quarry in U 13.d.35.70.!
Lieutenant-General Charles Fergusson to the Inspector General of Training Lieutenant-General Ivor Maxse on receiving some leaflets on training during the Battle of the Scarpe.
The corpse of a German machine gunner in his position during the Battle of the Drocourt-Quéant Line, 2/9/18.
I love reading through pre-war military journals because occasionally you find someone who had some amazing insight into the future of war based on existing trends, and who absolutely nail much of how WW1 plays out.
Captain Crofton Sankey (what a fuckin English name) was one of these guys. A captain in the Royal Engineers and expert on Fortifications Sankey wrote a short article in a 1909 edition of the Royal Engineers Journal.
Looking at the Russo-Japanese War he picks up on the exact trends that defined WW1 five years later.
Pretty spot on there Crofton my old lad. So what'll happen then?
Yep that's pretty much how it goes.
Industrialised more than civilised, but otherwise yeah that's shockingly prescient.
And then you draw completely the wrong conclusion from it all. Spot on with how it will change the battlefield but completely wrong with what that means for war more broadly.
I can't really blame him for the conclusion, Jan Bloch on the other side of Europe had pretty much the same ideas, but goddamn were they both wrong on this point.

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I send you a very interesting photograph showing how the concrete dam across the Yser was shot away by a 15" Howitzer. It is pretty accurate shooting and it may interest your friends of the War Cabinet. Hugh Trenchard to Frederick Maurice - 2/11/17.
Pretty good for such a big gun, but it did also take them five days.
gotta say, i think the germans generally had better cartoonists