David A. Hardy interprets Ezekiel 1.
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@readingezekiel
David A. Hardy interprets Ezekiel 1.

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By the way, if you're reading this, I'm reading Daniel this year. Come and read along!
48.1-35 Roll call in the New Jerusalem.
I'm not going to quote all 12 tribes and their allotments. But that's how we start this last book, from Dan to Judah. Then, we set aside the area for the priests right in the middle:
6 Reuben: on the frontier of Ephraim, from the eastern to the western boundary. 7 Judah: on the frontier of Reuben, from the eastern to the western boundary. 8 On the frontier of Judah, from the eastern to the western boundary there shall be the tract which you shall set apart, twenty-five thousand cubits from north to south, and as wide as one of the tribal portions from the eastern to the western boundary. In the center of the tract shall be the sanctuary.
It's divided up further between the good priests and the iffy priests:
11 The consecrated priests, the Zadokites, who fulfilled my service and did not stray along with the Israelites as the Levites did, 12 shall have within this tract of land their own most sacred domain, next to the territory of the Levites. 13 The Levites shall have a territory corresponding to that of the priests, twenty-five thousand cubits by ten thousand. The whole tract shall be twenty-five thousand cubits across and twenty thousand north and south. 14 They may not sell or exchange or alienate this, the best part of the land, for it is sacred to the LORD.
The sacred and the profane are here literally side by side - some of the sanctuary is set aside for rearing animals... and for feeding the city:
17 The pasture lands of the City shall extend north two hundred and fifty cubits, south two hundred and fifty cubits, east two hundred and fifty cubits, and west two hundred and fifty cubits. 18 There shall remain an area along the sacred tract, ten thousand cubits to the east and ten thousand to the west, whose produce shall provide food for the workers of the City.
And the prince gets what's left over from the priests' allotment:
21 The remainder shall belong to the prince: the land on both sides of the sacred tract and the City property, extending along the twenty-five-thousand-cubit line eastward to the eastern boundary, and westward along the twenty-five-thousand-cubit line to the western boundary, a territory parallel with the tribal portions for the prince. The sacred tract and the sanctuary of the temple shall be in the middle. 22 Thus, except for the property of the Levites and the City property, which lie in the midst of the prince's property, the territory between the portions of Judah and of Benjamin shall belong to the prince.
And then back to the roll call, from Benjamin to Gad.
(Funny footnote: This distribution of the land among the tribes does not correspond to the geographical realities of Palestine. We're just pretending the land can be made into a kind of rectangle, equally divided. The "ideal order" again.)
And each tribe has an exit of the city named after them.
29 Such is the land which you shall apportion as inheritances among the tribes of Israel, and these are their portions, says the Lord GOD. 30 These are the exits of the City, the gates of which are named after the tribes of Israel. On the north side, measuring forty-five hundred cubits, 31 there shall be three gates: the gate of Reuben, the gate of Judah, and the gate of Levi.
I wonder if the business with the enter one place, exit another might have carried on to city gates. Probably not, but it'd be nice if they had to share gates.
35 The perimeter of the City is eighteen thousand cubits. The name of the City shall henceforth be "The LORD is here."
Which might be "Jerusalem." But, oddly enough, might not. The Hebrew here actually reads "Yahweh sammeh," which is definitely not "Jeru-shalom," the vision of peace. Clarke says, after all the casting down of high places, that this is a reference to the shekhina, the divine presence. Other commentators say the name indicates that God will never again leave Jerusalem, as Barnes quotes St. Jerome: "The name of the city shall be no longer Jerusalem ("the vision of peace"), but Adonai-shama ("the Lord is there") (rather, Jehovah-shammah, "Jehovah is there"), because Yahweh will never again withdraw from it, as He once withdrew, but will hold it as His everlasting possession."
And that's it. Ezekiel starts out with funky angels coming down and ends with... a city survey. Where God will live.
What a weird, wondrous book this is.
See you next year.
47.1-23 - The Temple is a spring. Also, the boundaries of New Eden.
And the water's starting to flow (in the future):
1 Then he brought me back to the entrance of the temple, and I saw water flowing out from beneath the threshold of the temple toward the east, for the facade of the temple was toward the east; the water flowed down from the southern side of the temple, south of the altar. 2 He led me outside by the north gate, and around to the outer gate facing the east, where I saw water trickling from the southern side. 3 Then when he had walked off to the east with a measuring cord in his hand, he measured off a thousand cubits and had me wade through the water, which was ankle-deep. 4 He measured off another thousand and once more had me wade through the water, which was now knee-deep. Again he measured off a thousand and had me wade; the water was up to my waist. 5 Once more he measured off a thousand, but there was now a river through which I could not wade; for the water had risen so high it had become a river that could not be crossed except by swimming.
For people who live in a desert, this is bound to be an image of beauty and plenty - there's water everywhere!
It also makes me wonder if the exiles had experience of all the marshes in the south of Babylon. Some people have linked that region with the Garden of Eden - if not a literal Eden, then what folks would have thought of first when reading biblical descriptions of this area where rivers converge and beasts live in abundance.
7 Along the bank of the river I saw very many trees on both sides. 8 He said to me, "This water flows into the eastern district down upon the Arabah, and empties into the sea, the salt waters, which it makes fresh. 9 Wherever the river flows, every sort of living creature that can multiply shall live, and there shall be abundant fish, for wherever this water comes the sea shall be made fresh. 10 Fishermen shall be standing along it from En-gedi to En-eglaim, spreading their nets there. Its kinds of fish shall be like those of the Great Sea, very numerous.
Yeah, the Temple recreates Eden. At least spiritually. Washes away your tears and sweat. Makes the ocean drinkable (again, a beautiful thing if you're living near the super-salty Dead Sea.)
12 Along both banks of the river, fruit trees of every kind shall grow; their leaves shall not fade, nor their fruit fail. Every month they shall bear fresh fruit, for they shall be watered by the flow from the sanctuary. Their fruit shall serve for food, and their leaves for medicine."
Yeah, that's pretty Edenic. And now, we've got a land survey on a whole new scale:
13 Thus says the Lord GOD: These are the boundaries within which you shall apportion the land among the twelve tribes of Israel (Joseph having two portions). 14 All of you shall have a like portion in this land which I swore to give to your fathers, that it might fall to you as your inheritance. 15 This is the boundary of the land on the north side: from the Great Sea in the direction of Hethlon, past Labo of Hamath, to Zedad, 16 Berothah, and Sibraim, along the frontiers of Hamath and Damascus, to Hazar-enon which is on the border of the Hauran. 17 Thus the border shall extend from the sea to Hazar-enon, with the frontier of Hamath and Damascus to the north. This is the northern boundary.
Here we've got the source of the Middle Eastern conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries The boundaries are set. God wants YOU to turn this into Eden. From Syria in the north to Egypt in the south - the same "ideal boundaries" set out in Numbers. But there is this bit here that tells the Israelites what to do with non-Jews living in the land:
21 You shall distribute this land among yourselves according to the tribes of Israel. 22 You shall allot it as inheritances for yourselves and for the aliens resident in your midst who have bred children among you. The latter shall be to you like native Israelites; along with you they shall receive inheritances among the tribes of Israel.
So, you know, the conflict didn't have to be that way.
Land rights are complicated.
46.1-24 - Future Sabbath
One wonders how many monarchies were propped up by these scriptural instructions:
1 Thus says the Lord GOD: The gate toward the east of the inner court shall remain closed throughout the six working days, but on the sabbath and on the day of the new moon it shall be open. 2 The prince shall enter from outside by way of the vestibule of the gate and remain standing at the doorpost of the gate; then while the priests offer his holocausts and peace offerings, he shall worship at the threshold of the gate and then leave; the gate shall not be closed until evening.
The prince has a special role on the sabbath. Of course, Ezekiel is actually making this more of a *requirement*, but still. Special.
Procedural note: always keep the traffic moving in one direction. At least *your* traffic:
9 When the people of the land enter the presence of the LORD to worship on the festivals, if they enter by the north gate they shall leave by the south gate, and if they enter by the south gate they shall leave by the north gate; no one shall return by the gate through which he has entered, but he shall leave by the opposite gate. 10 The prince shall be in their midst when they enter, and he shall also leave with them.
Plenty of obligation goes with the role of prince:
12 When the prince makes a freewill offering to the LORD, whether holocausts or peace offerings, the eastern gate shall be opened for him, and he shall offer his holocausts or his peace offerings as on the sabbath; then he shall leave, and the gate shall be closed after his departure. 13 He shall offer as a daily holocaust to the LORD an unblemished yearling lamb; this he shall offer every morning. 14 With it every morning he shall provide as a cereal offering one sixth of an ephah, with a third of a hin of oil to moisten the fine flour. This cereal offering to the LORD is mandatory with the established holocaust. 15 The lamb, the cereal offering, and the oil are to be offered every morning as an established holocaust.
That's a lot of lambs and grain and oil. Every morning.
It actually sounds like this chapter is Ezekiel's attempt at making a miniature Leviticus:
16 Thus says the Lord GOD: If the prince makes a gift of part of his inheritance to any of his sons, it shall belong to his sons; that property is theirs by inheritance. 17 But if he makes a gift of part of his inheritance to one of his servants, it shall belong to the latter only until the year of release, when it shall revert to the prince. Only the inheritance given to his sons is permanent. 18 The prince shall not seize any part of the inheritance of the people by evicting them from their property. He shall provide an inheritance for his sons from his own property, so that none of my people will be driven from their property.
Except rather than giving rules for priests and their day-to-day conduct, he's giving rules to princes.
That bit about servants... that seems kind of unfair there. The "year of release" is jubilee, when most debts are forgiven, slaves are freed and fields lie fallow. Every 50 years, or the year after seven cycles of seven years.
The rest of the chapter describes which sacrifices get cooked by the priests where. Some places are for guilt and sin offerings, others are for "the people."
Priests are a lot like cooks in the future temple. Always mentioned with kitchens and food.

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45.1-25 Measuring the land. And extras.
Not only is the house of the Lord given an exhaustive (pre-)survey, but the lot of the Lord is surveyed, too:
1 When you apportion the land into inheritances, you shall set apart a sacred tract of land for the LORD, twenty-five thousand cubits long and twenty thousand wide; its whole area shall be sacred. 2 Of this land a square plot, five hundred by five hundred cubits, surrounded by a free space of fifty cubits, shall be assigned to the sanctuary. 3 Also from this sector measure off a strip, twenty-five thousand cubits long and ten thousand wide, within which shall be the sanctuary, the holy of holies. 4 This shall be the sacred part of the land belonging to the priests, the ministers of the sanctuary, who draw near to minister to the LORD; it shall be a place for their homes and pasture land for their cattle.
Something about that really sounds like it might have been inserted by the priests after the fact. I'm kinda suspicious that way. It's supposed to be right next to where the prince lives, too.
And then we measure not just the house and the lot of the Lord, but also the stuff that gets put in the pantry of the Lord:
9 Thus says the Lord GOD: Enough, you princes of Israel! Put away violence and oppression, and do what is right and just! Stop evicting my people! says the Lord GOD. 10 You shall have honest scales, an honest ephah, and an honest liquid measure. 11 The ephah and the liquid measure shall be of the same size: the liquid measure equal to a tenth of a homer, and the ephah equal to a tenth of a homer; by the homer they shall be determined. 12 The shekel shall be twenty gerahs. Twenty shekels, twenty-five shekels, plus fifteen shekels shall be your mina. 13 These are the offerings you shall make: one sixth of an ephah from each homer of wheat, and one sixth of an ephah from each homer of barley. 14 The regulation for oil: for every measure of oil, a tenth of a measure, computed by the kor of ten liquid measures (or a homer, for ten liquid measures make a homer).
Footnote here explains that cheating at business (thumb on the scale, hurr hurr) was one of the worst sins of pre-exilic Israel. Thank you, footnote writer, for that enlightening commentary.
Although it does also get mentioned in Hosea 12:8 and Amos 8:5. The minor prophets had problems in the marketplace, I guess.
Oh, and a homer is about 80 gallons, liquid measure, or 10 bushels, dry.
17 It shall be the duty of the prince to provide the holocausts, cereal offerings, and libations on the feasts, new moons, and sabbaths, on all the festivals of the house of Israel. He shall offer the sin offerings, cereal offerings, holocausts, and peace offerings, to make atonement on behalf of the house of Israel.
And here's how!
18 Thus says the Lord GOD: On the first day of the first month you shall use an unblemished young bull as a sacrifice to purify the sanctuary. 19 Then the priest shall take some of the blood from the sin offering and put it on the doorposts of the temple, on the four corners of the ledge of the altar, and on the doorposts of the gates of the inner court. 20 You shall repeat this on the first day of the seventh month for those who have sinned through inadvertence or ignorance; thus you shall make atonement for the temple. 21 On the fourteenth day of the first month you shall observe the feast of the Passover; for seven days unleavened bread is to be eaten. 22 On that day the prince shall offer on his own behalf, and on behalf of all the people of the land, a bull as a sin offering.
And that's how it's done. Killin' the bulls for God. The spotless bull is an important part of lots of conspiracy fiction and counterfactuals about the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. Gotta have one before you can go resume sacrificing.
It's become kind of a thing, nowadays. One reason why some Chasidim think the modern nation of Israel is illegitimate.
No killing the bull.
43.1-27 - 44.1-31 God returns. With beef.
Or, well, the glory of God...
1 Then he led me to the gate which faces the east, 2 and there I saw the glory of the God of Israel coming from the east. I heard a sound like the roaring of many waters, and the earth shone with his glory. 3 The vision was like that which I had seen when he came to destroy the city, and like that which I had seen by the river Chebar. I fell prone
He's there (or His glory is there) to check out the new pad:
6 Then I heard someone speaking to me from the temple, while the man stood beside me. 7 The voice said to me: Son of man, this is where my throne shall be, this is where I will set the soles of my feet; here I will dwell among the Israelites forever. Never again shall they and their kings profane my holy name with their harlotries and with the corpses of their kings (their high places). 8 When they placed their threshold against my threshold and their doorpost next to mine, so that only a wall was between us, they profaned my holy name by their abominable deeds; therefore I consumed them in my wrath.
In the old Temple, the king's palace was right next door, so some kings started using the sacred grounds for their own pagan sacrifices. Which God didn't really like.
From now on, God wants elbow room:
10 As for you, son of man, describe the temple to the house of Israel (that they may be ashamed of their sins), both its measurements and its design; 11 (and if they are ashamed of all that they have done,) make known to them the form and design of the temple, its exits and entrances, all its statutes and laws; write these down for them to see, that they may carefully observe all its laws and statutes. 12 This is the law of the temple: its whole surrounding area on the mountain top shall be most sacred.
Then we've got more measurements - of the altar and the hearth (for burning the sacrifices) - and then the fun instructions.
18 Then he said to me: Son of man, thus says the Lord GOD: These are the statutes for the altar when it is set up for the offering of holocausts upon it and for the sprinkling of blood against it. 19 Give a young bull as a sin offering to the priests, the Levites who are of the line of Zadok, who draw near me to minister to me, says the Lord GOD. 20 Take some of its blood and put it on the four horns of the altar, and on the four corners of the ledge, and on the rim all around. Thus you shall purify it and make atonement for it. 21 Then take the bull of the sin offering, which is to be burnt in a designated part of the temple, outside the sanctuary.
Why stop with a bull?
22 On the second day present an unblemished he-goat as a sin offering, to purify the altar as was done with the bull. 23 When you have finished the purification, bring an unblemished young bull and an unblemished ram from the flock, 24 and present them before the LORD; the priests shall strew salt on them and offer them to the LORD as holocausts. 25 Daily for seven days you shall offer a he-goat as a sin offering, and a young bull and a ram from the flock, all unblemished, shall be offered
Sacrifices all lined up, then. Oh, and that's not your door. It's God's door:
2 He said to me: This gate is to remain closed; it is not to be opened for anyone to enter by it; since the LORD, the God of Israel, has entered by it, it shall remain closed. 3 Only the prince may sit down in it to eat his meal in the presence of the LORD. He must enter by way of the vestibule of the gate, and leave by the same way.
And the "prince" here is a guy - a Zadokite, I reckon - who waits by the gate as his sacrifice is made, then goes to eat off in one of the rooms in the outer court. The footnote here also says the gate was closed because God was not leaving. He came in and He's not coming out again.
And the folks working inside the Temple - none of them are going to be pagan foreigners ever again:
7 You have admitted foreigners, uncircumcised both in heart and flesh, to my sanctuary to profane it when you offered me food, fat, and blood; thus you have broken my covenant by all your abominations. 8 Instead of caring for the service of my temple, you have appointed such as these to serve me in my sanctuary in your stead.
And what did the Levites - the priestly class who used to boss the foreigners around - what did they have to do now?
10 But as for the Levites who departed from me when Israel strayed from me to pursue their idols, they shall bear the consequences of their sin. 11 They shall serve in my sanctuary as gatekeepers and temple servants; they shall slaughter the holocausts and the sacrifices for the people, and they shall stand before the people to minister for them. 12 Because they used to minister for them before their idols, and became an occasion of sin to the house of Israel, therefore I have sworn an oath against them, says the Lord GOD: they shall bear the consequences of their sin.
Footnote here says this law kind of discouraged the Levites from coming home once the exile in Babylon was over. But the Zadokite Levites, they're still OK:
15 As for the levitical priests, however, the Zadokites who cared for my sanctuary when the Israelites strayed from me, they shall draw near me to minister to me, and they shall stand before me to offer me fat and blood, says the Lord GOD. 16 It is they who shall enter my sanctuary, they who shall approach my table to minister to me, and they who shall carry out my service.
And they're SO pure... they can only marry Jewish virgins:
21 No priest shall drink wine when he is to enter the inner court. 22 They shall not take for their wives either widows or divorced women, but only virgins of the race of Israel; however, they may marry women who are the widows of priests. 23 They shall teach my people to distinguish between the sacred and the profane, and make known to them the difference between the clean and the unclean.
At least they get free food:
28 They shall have no inheritance, for I am their inheritance; you shall give them no property in Israel, for I am their property. 29 They shall eat the cereal offering, the sin offering, and the guilt offering; whatever is under the ban in Israel shall be theirs. 30 All the choicest first fruits of every kind, and all the best of your offerings of every kind, shall belong to the priests; likewise the best of your dough you shall give to the priests to bring a blessing down upon your house.
So the perks are nice, I guess.
42.1-20 - Divine urban planning.
1 Then he led me north to the outer court, bringing me to some chambers on the north that lay across the free area and which were also across from the building. 2 Their length was a hundred cubits on the north side, and they were fifty cubits wide.
You know the great thing about all these measurements? Somewhere in Israel, there are bunches of settlers who have all these things mapped out on surveys, and they've got plots of land picked out and bulldozers ready.
13 He said to me, "The north and south chambers which border on the free area are the sanctuary chambers; here the priests who draw near to the LORD shall eat the most sacred meals, and here they shall keep the most sacred offerings: cereal offerings, sin offerings, and guilt offerings; for it is a holy place. 14 When the priests have once entered, they shall not leave the holy place for the outer court until they have left here the clothing in which they ministered, for it is holy. They shall put on other garments, and then approach the place destined for the people." 15 When he had finished measuring the inner temple area, he brought me out by way of the gate which faces east and measured all the limits of the court.
They'll have their places picked out... and, for some of them, they're gonna be *different places*.
20 Thus he measured it in the four directions, five hundred cubits long and five hundred cubits wide. It was surrounded by a wall, to separate the sacred from the profane.
*This* one is sacred. All the rest are *profane*. That's what some of them are going to say....
It's nice when the Internet comes through for you.
Here's a 3D animated rendering of Ezekiel's temple.
(Have to say I picture the palm trees a little differently, but other than that, yep. There it stands.)
The same folks have more, too.
40.1-49 - 41.1-26 - Ezekiel goes to Epcot - and Tomorrowtemple!
In the context of the future attacker (or the shadow of Nebuchadnezzar Future), a vision of better times to come... from now until the end of Ezekiel's book, in fact. There's a footnote here that calls it a "lengthy vision of the new Israel" and says it forms "a kind of program for the future." And hedges a lot:
The literary form of the vision has been aptly termed "utopian": it is plain that the prophet did not expect a literal fulfillment of much of what he described. The passage doubtless underwent successive additions, both from the prophet and from later inspired writers.
So, not an actual vision of the actual future, and not actually by Ezekiel. But still Ezekiel's last prophecy.
The city of tomorrow. The city that could be.
1 On the tenth day of the month beginning the twenty-fifth year of our exile, fourteen years after the city was taken, that very day the hand of the LORD came upon me and brought me 2 in divine visions to the land of Israel, where he set me down on a very high mountain. On it there seemed to be a city being built before me.
Then we see a man "whose appearance was that of bronze" (so either fiery like the last bronze man, or else maybe a robot) who starts measuring stuff:
6 Then he went to the gate which faced the east, climbed its steps, and measured the gate's threshold, which was found to be a rod wide. 7 The cells were a rod long and a rod wide, and the pilasters between the cells measured five cubits. The threshold of the gate adjoining the vestibule of the gate toward the inside measured one rod.
It goes on like this for a few different elements. There almost has to be some numerology going on with all these measurements, but I don't have the number-savvy to read it, and the footnotes don't mention it.
I also kinda want to sketch this out as it comes, but my drawing is about as bad as my numerology.
17 Then he brought me to the outer court, where there were chambers and a pavement. The pavement was laid all around the court, and the chambers, which were on the pavement, were thirty in number. 18 The pavement lay alongside the gates, as wide as the gates were long; this was the lower pavement. 19 He measured the width of the court from the front of the lower gate to the front of the inner gate; it was one hundred cubits between them. Then he proceeded north, 20 where, on the outer court, there was a gate facing north, whose length and width he measured.
This leads to some details that, from our perspective, seem a little strange. At the time, not so much:
38 There was a chamber opening off the vestibule of the gate, where the holocausts were rinsed. 39 In the vestibule of the gate there were two tables on either side, on which were slaughtered the sin offerings and guilt offerings. 40 Along the wall of the vestibule, but outside, near the entrance of the north gate, were two tables, and on the other side of the vestibule of the gate there were two tables. 41 There were four tables on either side of the gate (eight tables), on which the sacrifices were slaughtered.
"Holocaust" here, if it's not obvious, is a sacrificial offering meant to be burned whole, because the smoke makes a pleasing odor to the Lord.
And to make the sacrifices, we need the priests:
45 He said to me, "This chamber which faces south is for the priests who have charge of the temple, 46 and the chamber which faces north is for the priests who have charge of the altar. These are the Zadokites, the only Levites who may come near to minister to the LORD."
And then, more measuring.
49 The vestibule was twenty cubits wide and twelve cubits deep; ten steps led up to it, and there were columns by the pilasters, one on either side.
Weird way to end a chapter. But it carries on into the next... in order, the notes tell us... of the sacredness of the site.
1 Then he brought me to the nave and measured the pilasters, which were six cubits thick on either side. 2 The width of the entrance was ten cubits, and the walls at either side of it measured five cubits each. He measured the length of the nave, which was found to be forty cubits, while its width was twenty.
Vestibule, nave...
4 He measured the space beyond the nave, twenty cubits long and twenty cubits wide, and said to me, "This is the holy of holies." 5 Then he measured the wall of the temple, which was six cubits thick; the side chambers, which extended all the way around the temple, had a width of four cubits.
...and "space beyond."
Then, a bunch more measurements. There are even things being measured here that we can't identify:
12 The building fronting the free area on the west side was seventy cubits front to back; the wall of the building was five cubits thick all around, and it measured ninety cubits from side to side.
Mystery building, the footnotes say.
The tripindicular decorations here have more faces of cherubim (not infinitely iterating, these ones):
17 As high as the lintel of the door, even into the interior part of the temple as well as outside, on every wall on every side in both the inner and outer rooms were carved 18 the figures of cherubim and palmtrees: a palmtree between every two cherubim. Each cherub had two faces: 19 a man's face looking at a palmtree on one side, and a lion's face looking at a palmtree on the other; thus they were figured on every side throughout the whole temple.
Not infinitely iterating, but tessellated, again. Tiled, geometrically. All over.
I wonder what palm trees meant to the Israelites. Fruit and shade, I imagine. Sweet shelter.

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38.1-23 - 39.1-29 Gog. The North. The End.
And now, we turn away from Egypt and Babylon and turn to the north. Somewhere:
2 Son of man, turn toward Gog (the land of Magog), the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy against him: 3 Thus says the Lord GOD: See! I am coming at you, Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal. 4 I will lead you forth with all your army, horses and riders all handsomely outfitted, a great horde with bucklers and shields, all of them carrying swords: 5 Persia, Cush, and Put with them (all with shields and helmets), 6 Gomer with all its troops, Beth-togarmah from the recesses of the north with all its troops, many peoples with you.
The footnotes here allude to the very best thing about Gog, which is that no one's really sure who he is. The name possibly is based on Gyge, the king of Lydia, a part of ancient Turkey where coins were invented. But it's generally used as a name for an unspecified future king who comes down from "the north" to make trouble for Israel sometime.
There are legends in Britain that describe Gog and Magog as giants who guard the city of London. ("Giants" being how "Nephilim" is usually translated in the Old Testament.)
Anyway, coming after the reanimated bones, we've got a future invasion here... possibly led by a half-angel.
It's pretty much End Times stuff, here
10 Thus says the Lord GOD: At that time thoughts shall arise in your mind, and you shall devise an evil scheme: 11 "I will go up against a land of open villages and attack the peaceful people who are living in security, all of them living without walls, having neither bars nor gates, 12 to plunder and pillage, turning my hand against the ruins that were repeopled and against a people gathered from the nations, a people concerned with cattle and goods, who dwell at the navel of the earth."
The navel of the Earth (the omphalos, if you wanna get technical about it) is Israel in this case. The center.
And this is kinda where all that "apocalypse" stuff comes from:
20 Before me shall tremble the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, the beasts of the field and all the reptiles that crawl upon the ground, and all men who are on the land. Mountains shall be overturned, and cliffs shall tumble, and every wall shall fall to the ground. 21 Against him I will summon every terror, says the Lord GOD, every man's sword against his brother. I will hold judgment with him in pestilence and bloodshed; 22 flooding rain and hailstones, fire and brimstone, I will rain upon him, upon his troops, and upon the many peoples with him.
Yeah, that's pretty much end of the world stuff right there. This *could* be a kind of promise about taking care of Nebchadnezzar, Babylon being north of Israel. Only all exaggerated - further, bigger, meaner.
More... apocalyptic.
Chapter 39 is more of the same. In case we missed the point.
4 Upon the mountains of Israel you shall fall, you and all your troops and the peoples who are with you. To birds of prey of every kind and to the wild beasts I am giving you to be eaten. 5 On the open field you shall fall, for I have decreed it, says the Lord GOD. 6 I will send fire upon Magog and upon those who live securely in the coastlands; thus they shall know that I am the LORD.
But with a few peculiar specifics:
9 Then shall those who live in the cities of Israel go out and burn weapons: (shields and bucklers,) bows and arrows, clubs and lances; for seven years they shall make fires with them. 10 They shall not have to bring in wood from the fields or cut it down in the forests, for they shall make fires with the weapons. Thus they shall plunder those who plundered them and pillage those who pillaged them, says the Lord GOD. 11 On that day I will give Gog for his tomb a well-known place in Israel, the Valley of Abarim east of the sea (it is blocked to travelers). Gog shall be buried there with all his horde, and it shall be named "Valley of Hamon-gog." 12 To purify the land, the house of Israel shall need seven months to bury them.
And, as if the valley of bones wasn't grisly enough:
14 Men shall be permanently employed to pass through the land burying those who lie unburied, so as to purify the land. For seven months they shall keep searching. 15 When they pass through, should they see a human bone, let them put up a marker beside it, until others have buried it in the Valley of Hamon-gog.
And God, he's so bloody to prove his holiness. Blood is linked with the sacred, remember:
26 They shall forget their disgrace and all the times they broke faith with me, when they live in security on their land with no one to frighten them. 27 When I bring them back from among the peoples, I will gather them from the lands of their enemies, and will prove my holiness through them in the sight of many nations.
Otherwise, they might miss the point.
37.1-28 The ear bone's connected to the... head bone.
Finally, we've gotten from the sorta famous wheels to the really famous bones, dem bones, dem... DRY bones. Ezekiel's bones.
And creepy they are. This is pre-Christian post-nuclear imagery, here:
1 The hand of the LORD came upon me, and he led me out in the spirit of the LORD and set me in the center of the plain, which was now filled with bones. 2 He made me walk among them in every direction so that I saw how many they were on the surface of the plain. How dry they were! 3 He asked me: Son of man, can these bones come to life? "Lord GOD," I answered, "you alone know that." 4 Then he said to me: Prophesy over these bones, and say to them: Dry bones, hear the word of the LORD! 5 Thus says the Lord GOD to these bones: See! I will bring spirit into you, that you may come to life. 6 I will put sinews upon you, make flesh grow over you, cover you with skin, and put spirit in you so that you may come to life and know that I am the LORD.
So we're talking about zombie Israel now, basically. The opening scene of Dracula: Prince of Darkness.
9 Then he said to me: Prophesy to the spirit, prophesy, son of man, and say to the spirit: Thus says the Lord GOD: From the four winds come, O spirit, and breathe into these slain that they may come to life. 10 I prophesied as he told me, and the spirit came into them; they came alive and stood upright, a vast army.
THEY'RE ALIVE! ALI-I-I-IVE!
The rest of the chapter is less exciting - about the union between the two kingdoms under the Messiah (basically):
16 Now, son of man, take a single stick, and write on it: Judah and those Israelites who are associated with him. Then take another stick and write on it: Joseph (the stick of Ephraim) and all the house of Israel associated with him. 17 Then join the two sticks together, so that they form one stick in your hand. 18 When your countrymen ask you, "Will you not tell us what you mean by all this?", 19 answer them: Thus says the Lord GOD: (I will take the stick of Joseph, which is in the hand of Ephraim, and of the tribes of Israel associated with him, and I will join to it the stick of Judah, making them a single stick; they shall be one in my hand.
And it's gonna be forever this time:
27 My dwelling shall be with them; I will be their God, and they shall be my people. 28 Thus the nations shall know that it is I, the LORD, who make Israel holy, when my sanctuary shall be set up among them forever.
Not sure how this sits with the destruction of the Temple by the Romans - I guess what can come in can also go away.
35.1-15 - 36.1-38 Edom? You're on the list!
So what's this Mt. Seir business? Haven't we had *enough* devastation?
2 Son of man, set your face against Mount Seir, and prophesy against it. 3 Say to it: Thus says the Lord GOD: See! I am coming at you, Mount Seir. I will stretch out my hand against you and make you a desolate waste. 4 Your cities I will turn into ruins, and you shall be a waste; thus you shall know that I am the LORD.
Footnote explains: Mt. Seir is Edom, Israel's neighbor. They (prudently, you'd think) chipped in with Nebuchadnezzar to help subdue Israel and Judah.
So... Pharaoh gets hauled out of the Nile with a fishhook and allowed to bleed rivers - because he fought against Babylon. Mt. Seir sides with Babylon, helps subdue the remaining Israelites (who should be leaving the territory *anyway*) and... they're gonna get made a desolate waste.
15 In keeping with your glee over the devastation of the inheritance of the house of Israel, so will I treat you. A waste shall you be, Mount Seir, you and the whole of Edom. Thus they shall know that I am the LORD.
Hard, man. That's hard.
And the "mountains of Israel," they're on the list too:
2 Thus says the Lord GOD: Because the enemy has said of you, "Ha! the everlasting heights have become our possession" 3 (therefore prophesy in these words: Thus says the Lord GOD:); because you have been ridiculed and despised on all sides for having become a possession for the rest of the nations, and have become a byword and a popular jeer; 4 therefore, mountains of Israel, hear the word of the LORD: (Thus says the Lord GOD to the mountains and hills, the ravines and valleys, the desolate ruins and abandoned cities, which have been given over to the pillage and mockery of the remaining nations round about; 5 therefore thus says the Lord GOD:) Truly, with burning jealousy I speak against the rest of the nations (and against all of Edom) who with wholehearted joy and utter contempt have considered my land their possession to be delivered over to plunder.
Oh, wait! NOT on the list after all!
8 As for you, mountains of Israel, you shall grow branches and bear fruit for my people Israel, for they shall soon return. 9 See, I come to you, it is to you that I turn; you will be tilled and sown, 10 and I will settle crowds of men upon you, the whole house of Israel; cities shall be repeopled, and ruins rebuilt.
So we've got something to look forward to at last.
Uh, within limits....
13 Thus says the Lord GOD: Because they have said of you, "You are a land that devours men, and you rob your people of their children"; 14 therefore, never again shall you devour men or rob your people of their children, says the Lord GOD. 15 No more will I permit you to hear the reproach of nations, or bear insults from peoples, or rob your people of their children, says the Lord GOD.
That is, certain sternly defined limits:
17 Son of man, when the house of Israel lived in their land, they defiled it by their conduct and deeds. In my sight their conduct was like the defilement of a menstruous woman. 18 Therefore I poured out my fury upon them (because of the blood which they poured out on the ground, and because they defiled it with idols). 19 I scattered them among the nations, dispersing them over foreign lands; according to their conduct and deeds I judged them.
Note here that God really isn't into shark week. Major uncleanness going on there. (To the point that I think this might also have something to do with Middle Eastern pagan ritual. Maybe. Why else keep bringing it up?)
25 I will sprinkle clean water upon you to cleanse you from all your impurities, and from all your idols I will cleanse you. 26 I will give you a new heart and place a new spirit within you, taking from your bodies your stony hearts and giving you natural hearts.
Always weirds me out when God changes people's hearts. I mean, why not start out that way?
And here, shame and self-loathing are instruments of God:
30 I will increase the fruit on your trees and the crops in your fields; thus you shall no longer bear among the nations the reproach of famine. 31 Then you shall remember your evil conduct, and that your deeds were not good; you shall loathe yourselves for your sins and your abominations. 32 Not for your sakes do I act, says the Lord GOD--let this be known to you! Be ashamed and abashed because of your conduct, O house of Israel.
Almost reads like a borscht-belt joke about a Jewish mother. Here, have a paradise in the desert. Just feel really bad about how you got here.
34.1-31 Against Israel's leaders. Bad shepherds.
More metaphors here. Foreigners are monsters and demons (just occurred to me that Goliath, the most famous giant in the Bible, was fighting for the Philistines, so yeah, the Nephilim connection seems WAY solid). The local boys are shepherds:
2 Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel, in these words prophesy to them (to the shepherds): Thus says the Lord GOD: Woe to the shepherds of Israel who have been pasturing themselves! Should not shepherds, rather, pasture sheep? 3 You have fed off their milk, worn their wool, and slaughtered the fatlings, but the sheep you have not pastured. 4 You did not strengthen the weak nor heal the sick nor bind up the injured. You did not bring back the strayed nor seek the lost, but you lorded it over them harshly and brutally. 5 So they were scattered for lack of a shepherd, and became food for all the wild beasts. My sheep were scattered 6 and wandered over all the mountains and high hills; my sheep were scattered over the whole earth, with no one to look after them or to search for them.
Just... *bad* shepherds.
There's a nice break here from the threats and doom, with a promise of better days for the skinny sheep... but not the fat ones:
12 As a shepherd tends his flock when he finds himself among his scattered sheep, so will I tend my sheep. I will rescue them from every place where they were scattered when it was cloudy and dark. 13 I will lead them out from among the peoples and gather them from the foreign lands; I will bring them back to their own country and pasture them upon the mountains of Israel (in the land's ravines and all its inhabited places). 14 In good pastures will I pasture them, and on the mountain heights of Israel shall be their grazing ground. There they shall lie down on good grazing ground, and in rich pastures shall they be pastured on the mountains of Israel.
If the kings can't govern, God will govern. (Of course, a prophet *would* say that, wouldn't he. The guy who speaks for God.)
Of course, we won't need prophets once the next shepherd arrives - the Messiah:
22 I will save my sheep so that they may no longer be despoiled, and I will judge between one sheep and another. 23 I will appoint one shepherd over them to pasture them, my servant David; he shall pasture them and be their shepherd.
Note here that we're talking about the king to come as David... the shepherd who became king after he slew Goliath. The metaphors all converge on the Messiah. Sheep. Angel. Giant.
Funny, now that I think of it, that Jesus wasn't literally a shepherd. Were any of the apostles? I know a few were fishermen, but they don't care for the fish the way shepherds care for the flock. (See: Leviathan.)
A lot of New Testament imagery seems to be borrowed directly from Ezekiel's language.
Oh, and the eviction language gets softened a lot by the end of this chapter:
29 I will prepare for them peaceful fields for planting; they shall no longer be carried off by famine in the land, or bear the reproaches of the nations.
They'll be back, I guess. (But is that before the Messiah arrives or after?)
33.31-33 - Prophets, not poets
Brief reaction to the end of this chapter:
31 My people come to you as people always do; they sit down before you and hear your words, but they will not obey them, for lies are on their lips and their desires are fixed on dishonest gain. 32 For them you are only a ballad singer, with a pleasant voice and a clever touch. They listen to your words, but they will not obey them. 33 But when it comes--and it is surely coming!-they shall know that there was a prophet among them.
We've got another clue here about the role prophets played in the community - something akin to public entertainers. Probably more like buskers than rock stars, but still somewhere on that continuum.
Now if only I could tell whether Ezekiel (the silent fruitcake who spent a year lying down and then tunneled through a hole in his house's wall) is being sarcastic here.

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32.1-32 - 33.1-27 Counting off the monsters.
These chapters are getting a wee bit repetitive. Like horror movie sequels:
2 Son of man, utter a lament over Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, saying to him: Lion of the nations, you are destroyed. You were like a monster in the sea, spouting in your streams, Stirring the water with your feet and churning its streams. 3 Thus says the Lord GOD: I will spread my net over you (with a host of many nations), and draw you up in my seine. 4 I will leave you on the land; on the open field I will cast you. I will have all the birds of the air alight on you, and all the beasts of the earth eat their fill of you. 5 I will leave your flesh on the mountains, and fill the valleys with your carcass. 6 I will water the land with what flows from you, and the river beds shall be filled with your blood.
I mean, that's pretty vivid.
By the way, I'm pretty sure that the "mighty warriors" who Ezekiel places in the pit, waiting for the Egyptians... those are meant to be the "mighty men of renown," aren't they? The Nephilim - the giants. Half angels.
The reason why God had to make the Great Flood.
18 Son of man, lament over the throngs of Egypt, for the mighty nations have thrust them down to the bottom of the earth, with those who go down into the pit. 20 In the midst of those slain by the sword shall they fall, and place shall be made with them for all their hordes. Then from the midst of the nether world, the mighty warriors shall speak to Egypt: 19 "Whom do you excel in beauty? 21 Come down, you and your allies, lie with the uncircumcised, with those slain by the sword."
Maybe I'm reading too much into "mighty," but I dunno. Oh, looks like I'm not alone - check out the first paragraph of Wikipedia's entry on Nephilim: A similar biblical Hebrew word with different vowel-sounds is used in Ezekiel 32:27 to refer to dead Philistine warriors. The same word with different vowel sounds? I don't think Hebrew had written vowels at this point in history, so I'm thinking this association was absolutely intentional.
Maybe poetic, but pointedly so.
I mean, Leviathan to Nephilim - we've got another prophet here making another bestiary. Counting off the monsters.
26 There are Meshech and Tubal and all their throng about her grave, all of them uncircumcised, slain by the sword, for they spread their terror in the land of the living. 27 They do not lie with the mighty men fallen of old, who went down to the nether world with their weapons of war, whose swords were placed under their heads and whose shields were laid over their bones, though the mighty men caused terror in the land of the living. 28 But in the midst of the uncircumcised shall you lie, with those slain by the sword.
No *way* is that not an intentional slam. I wonder if that was a common insult for foreigners, actually - call them half-angels. Have to look that up some time.
Chapter 33 circles back to the Israelites (and Judaeans) at last:
2 Son of man, speak thus to your countrymen: When I bring the sword against a country, and the people of this country select one of their number to be their watchman, 3 and the watchman, seeing the sword coming against the country, blows the trumpet to warn the people, 4 anyone hearing but not heeding the warning of the trumpet and therefore slain by the sword that comes against him, shall be responsible for his own death.
In fact, we're given a lot of how-to-survive instructions here (which, as anyone who's read The Zombie Survival Guide knows, can be more creepy than descriptions of the horrors to come):
12 As for you, son of man, tell your countrymen: The virtue which a man has practiced will not save him on the day that he sins; neither will the wickedness that a man has done bring about his downfall on the day that he turns from his wickedness (nor can the virtuous man, when he sins, remain alive). 13 Though I say to the virtuous man that he shall surely live, if he then presumes on his virtue and does wrong, none of his virtuous deeds shall be remembered; because of the wrong he has done, he shall die. 14 And though I say to the wicked man that he shall surely die, if he turns away from his sin and does what is right and just, 15 giving back pledges, restoring stolen goods, living by the statutes that bring life, and doing no wrong, he shall surely live, he shall not die.
Nice theology, also, that gives one a chance at avoiding death.
And finally, the thing we've been waiting for happens. Jerusalem falls:
21 On the fifth day of the tenth month, in the twelfth year of our exile, the fugitive came to me from Jerusalem and said, "The city is taken!" 22 The hand of the LORD had come upon me the evening before the fugitive arrived, and he opened my mouth when the fugitive reached me in the morning. My mouth was opened, and I was dumb no longer.
And then some words that seem pretty relevant to us today:
24 Son of man, they who live in the ruins on the land of Israel reason thus: "Abraham, though but a single individual, received possession of the land; we, therefore, being many, have as permanent possession the land that has been given to us." 25 Give them this answer: Thus says the Lord GOD: You eat on the mountains, you raise your eyes to your idols, you shed blood--yet you would keep possession of the land? 26 You rely on your sword, you do abominable things, each one of you defiles his neighbor's wife--yet you would keep possession of the land? 27 Tell them this: Thus says the Lord GOD: As I live, those who are in the ruins I swear shall fall by the sword; those who are in the open field I have given to the wild beasts for food; and those who are in fastnesses and in caves shall die by the plague.
Oh, man! Shhhh! Nobody tell the Palestinians!
That sounds like an eviction notice to me....
31.1-18 From Leviathan to Eden
There's some interesting poetry around the "Egypt is our ally - but God is punishing us" two-mindedness in 31:
2 Son of man, say to Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, and to his hordes: What are you like in your greatness? 3 Behold, a cypress (cedar) in Lebanon, beautiful of branch, lofty of stature, amid the very clouds lifted its crest. 4 Waters made it grow, the abyss made it flourish, sending its rivers round where it was planted, turning its streams to all the trees of the field. ... 8 The cedars in the garden of God were not its equal, nor could the fir trees match its boughs, Neither were the plane trees like it for branches; no tree in the garden of God matched its beauty. 9 I made it beautiful, with much foliage, the envy of all Eden's trees in the garden of God. 10 Therefore thus says the Lord GOD: Because it became lofty in stature, raising its crest among the clouds, and because it became proud in heart at its height, 11 I have handed it over to the mightiest of the nations, which has dealt with it in keeping with its wickedness. I humiliated it.
I think this is actually Leviathan to Eden to Babel. Funny that the Babylonians should be bringing down *this* Babel, isn't it?
And then a description of the nether world. The Jewish afterlife wasn't much for harps and angels in white robes:
14 Thus no tree may grow lofty in stature or raise its crest among the clouds; no tree fed by water may stand by itself in its loftiness. For all of them are destined for death, for the land below, For the company of mortals, those who go down into the pit. 15 Thus says the Lord GOD: On the day he went down to the nether world I made the abyss close up over him; I stopped its streams so that the deep waters were held back. I cast gloom over Lebanon because of him, so that all the trees in the land drooped on his account.
The pit. (Check out more references to this in Ecclesiastes and Psalms - it's not what we think of as Hell, either. Just a sunless, godless place.)