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In the library I have been reading lots of books about pesticides and related topics. The library's physical print collection skews toward older books, so there are lots of books over 50 years old.
I will share the findings in subsequent reblogs, but for now I'll say this: Filmmakers and novelists working in the most gory, nauseating crevices of the horror genre could never dream something more twisted, disgusting and absolutely blood-curdling as a book about Turfgrass Lawns from the 1960's.
So I read quite a bit of this book from 2020 called "The Chemical Age" by Frank A. Von Hippel straight through, and the whole time I wanted to scream at the nightmare unfolding upon the page before me!
I had read this essay once called "Living Lawns, Dying Waters" about how chemical fertilizers on lawns were first marketed because chemical companies after WW2 had a bunch of extra nitrogen for making bombs and they wanted to profit off it.
But the full story of how American Lawns, Agriculture and Horticulture are part of the Military-Industrial Complex is much worse.
So long story short, around the time of World War 1, scientists (particularly, German chemists) developed chemical weapons that could be released on the battlefield in toxic clouds. These poison gases were used in World War 1, and in the USA, chemical companies made big bucks creating chemical weapons that killed people horribly. However, at the end of World War 1, the chemical companies saw that they couldn't make profits anymore if nobody was killing people anymore, so they decided to market the chemical weapons as insecticides.
To keep making their big bucks, they had to have a war, so they "declared war" on insects. Boldly stating that insects were nothing but evil agents of disease, and this "war" would determine whether arthropods or humans would rule the Earth.
Basically the modern business of killing bugs with chemicals emerged from the modern business of killing humans with chemicals.
However, early chemicals were so deadly that a lot of people died accidentally, so there was need to develop better chemicals. One of the better chemicals was DDT.
DDT was considered to be a miracle and people dusted the whole countryside, indoor and outdoor, agricultural and wild environments, with DDT like powdered sugar on a donut. People celebrated how it was going to make flies go extinct and end malaria forever. Pretty soon all Americans had a measurable amount of DDT in their bodies and it was in breast milk and everything.
(Most mosquitoes and houseflies evolved resistance to DDT within 1-2 years of spraying starting.)
Of course it turned out that DDT poisons mass numbers of wildlife, so birds started dying in droves. Almost all the bald eagles died. A lady named Rachel Carson (This part is familiar to many of us) wrote a book called Silent Spring describing how the highly toxic chemicals were sterilizing the planet of all life, and what really got me about this part of the story was that it was VERY CONTROVERSIAL.
The chemical companies were PISSED.
But it wasn't just the companies. The idea of not sterilizing the whole planet with toxic chemicals was perceived by many as radical and insane. A lot of major publications were like, "What does she expect us to do??? GET RID of DDT?? That crazy bitch wants us all to GO BACK TO THE DARK AGES and DIE OF BUBONIC PLAGUE."
I'm not exaggerating one bit:
Countless people have insisted to me that getting rid of lawns means returning to a state where the world is uninhabitable and children can't play safely and ticks and snake bites sicken and kill indiscriminately. Mind which side of history you are on!
The above book was a new source looking back on the past. I think it is even more informative to look at old sources talking about their present. I was definitely much more horrified.
The thing is, as terrible as DDT was, it was far from the worst, and especially many of its predecessors were much, much worse, but in the 50's and 60's, putting those chemicals on your lawn was just as ordinary as using the chemicals we use now. It was just what you were supposed to do.
There were several of the 1960's lawn books, and I didn't write down their titles sadly, they were all something very generic like "Lawns." But here's some of what was in them:
Many of these chemicals are now illegal or highly restricted because many are very dangerous to humans when acute exposure occurs and cause cancer and other disease, and many last a very, very long time in the environment as well as building up and being stored in the body. For example Chlordane causes cancer and persists in the environment 10-20 years, while Methoxychlor is an endocrine disruptor. I think Malathion and possibly Carbaryl are the only ones you can still buy as a homeowner in the USA, and the USA is incredibly loose on regulations, with many countries worldwide being far more restrictive. Trichlorofon is still used by lawn care companies and on golf courses even though it causes cholinesterase inhibition in humans.
Lead arsenate is what it sounds like. This book tells readers that earthworms (yes, EARTHWORMS) can be killed with lead arsenate on golf courses.
The amount of highly toxic heavy metals recommended in these books was insane. For killing fungi, this same book recommended cadmium and mercury.
These books of course had zero concept of the mycorrhizal network or that fungi might be important, and had recommended treatments even for destroying fairy rings.
This is from a different book.
Even after reading the recommendations of mercury and cadmium application, does the phrase "soil sterilant" not send shivers of terror through you?
Same book as above recommended destroying many completely harmless creatures with DDT:
KILLING ISOPODS WITH DDT.
It's a miracle any of our grandparents lived long enough to reproduce!
I can only wonder how contaminated many former lawns and golf courses must be with dangerous substances that would make gardening or letting children play in them unadvisable.
This was a book from the 1970's that was critical of pesticide use, though the author seemed glumly unable to imagine better alternatives. It's not entirely relevant to the lawn thing, but I'm including it here because I read the phrase "1400 pounds of arsenic trioxide per acre" and briefly lost the ability to have thoughts with my brain.
colorized photograph of American apple farmers
This book talked a lot about how pest-control applications for insects regularly killed mass numbers of birds and small animals and everyone was just like "meh, that happens"
And also children were dying all the time from things like "accidentally spilled pesticide on themselves" or "player with a container that had pesticide in it"
Following IDs are of pictures from the book begin italics The Chemical Age end italics.
ID. Sibert was concerned that the expertise assembled by the Chemical Warfare Service would not be cultivated. "I feel that... the genius and patriotism displayed by the chemists and chemical engineers of the country were not surpassed in any branch of war work and that to fail to utilize in peace times this talen would be a crime."[297]
Experts at the Chemical Warfare Service reasoned that chemical weapons, which were so effective at debilitating and killing people, would perhaps be even better at killing insects.[303] In the postwar period, chemists continued to test war gases against insect pests. Part of the motivation for this was political. The Chemical Warfare Service was slated for dissolution once hostilities ceased, as specified in President Wilson's order that created it.[315] Having survived this existential threat, the Chemical Warfare Service faced budget cuts from Congress as the need for chemical weapons seemed to be a thing of the past.[303]
To maintain its relevancy, the Chemical Warfare Service gave itself a makeover and promoted the civilian benefits of its poison gases, especially their potential uses as insecticides. It began to call itself the Chemical Peace Service, conducting "peaceful warfare."[303] End ID.
ID. cross, buzzard, rats, or grasshopper, is by clouds of gas".[303] Chemical warfare metamorphosed into pest control, with the preservation of humanity, rather than its destruction, as the goal. At the same time, pest control research justified the continued existence of the Chemical Warfare Service and its improvement of poison gases.
These efforts on the part of the Chemical Warfare Service coincided nicely with the needs of civilian entomologists, who at the time worked in a low-status field considered inconsequential by society, but who played an outsized role in pest control for the war effort. Following the war, entomologists "were surprised and chagrined to find that even in certain high official circles the old idea of the entomologist still heldâthat he was a man whose life was devoted to the differentiation of species by the examination of the number of spines on the legs and the number of spots on the wings."[322]
By framing their work as a war against insects with human survival at stake, entomologists elevated their prestige while they eagerly embraced the tools of war: airplanes, poison gases, and dispersal weapons.[303] The Chemical Warfare Service provided them with these tools and with the fruits of its research, hence the army and entomologists each promoted the public image of each other. The strategy succeeded with the passage of the National Defense Act in 1920, which solidified the position of the Chemical Warfare Service within the US Army.
Human progress depended, according to a typical popular article published in 1915, on mankind defeating "germ-conveying agents... whose only purpose in life seems to be to play the part of the anarchist and to reduce the living world to nullity and death.âThere is a war to be waged, not between man and man, but between man on the one side and the arthropod on the other, a war to be fought to the finish to decide which of the two forms of life, this highly developed vertebrate or these malignly evolved invertebrates, is to govern our planet. Is the lord of this earth some day to be a monstrous ant or bug, a wasp or a midge, a scale insect or a tick? Or is it to be this god-like mammal that walks erect and can see the stars, can weight the suns and planets, that is already in touch with
161. End ID.
ID. Monsanto Corporation responded with a widely distributed parody entitled "The Desolate Year," which described a pesticide-free world riddled with disease and hunger.[495] "The bugs were everywhere. Unseen. Unheard. Unbelievably universal... Beneath the ground, beneath the waters, on and in limbs and twigs and stalks, under rocks, inside trees and animals and other insectsâand, yes, inside man." Due to the lack of pesticides, "the garrote of Nature rampant began to tighten." The result was that "genus by genus, species by species, sub-species by innumerable sub-species, the insects emerged. Creeping and flying and crawling into the open, beginning in the southern tier of states and progressing northward." People, "infected by the first onslaught of the host mosquitoes, suffered the fiendish torture of chills and fever and the hellish pain of the world's greatest scourge." Malaria was by no means the only agent of man's suffering. "Then the really notorious villain, Ireland's awful late blight, took over, and the firm brown 'spuds' were gone, turned into black slime." A repeat of the Irish Potato Famine due to a lack of pesticides led to starving people once again reduced to eating insects. Termites felled buildings and devoured libraries. "Yellow fever hung like a spectre" over the southern United States. "Rats and mice multiplied prodigiously," a disaster that would lead to outbreaks of typhus and bubonic plague. End ID.
ID. A host of chemical companies, including Monsanto, DuPont, Dow, Shell Chemical, Goodrich-Gulf, Allied Chemical, and W. R. Grace, collaborated through trade organizations in their criticisms of the book and its author, and some, such as Velsicol and American Cyanamid, had their own representatives mount attack.[466] begin italics Silent Spring end italics threatened to undermine the prestige of these companies, carefully cultivated through advertising campaigns such as DuPont's "Better Living through Chemistry." Industry also worried that the book would lead to unwanted regulations. begin italics Chemical Engineering and News end italics quoted the director of the New Jersey Department of Agriculture: "In any large scale pest control program in this area, we are immediately confronted with the objection of a vociferous, misinformed group of nature-balancing, organic-gardening, bird-loving, unreasonable citizenry."[471] Another magazine concluded, "Her book is more poisonous that the pesticides she condemns."[471] The irony of the industry campaign was revealed by one critic of Carson, who wrote, "They scold emotion emotionally."[496] End ID.
ID. Applied entomologists were thus directly attached as ignorant and immoral. They and their allies responded in kind. One prominent entomologist wrote that "begin italics Silent Spring end italics poses leading questions, on which neither the author nor the average reader is qualified to make decisions. I regard it as science fiction, to be read in the same way that the TV show begin italics Twilight Zone end italics is to be watched."[467] An industrial trade journal commented, "For the insecticide industry, this book could turn out to be a serious and costly body blowâeven though it did land below the belt."[467]
A prominent scientists, who led the Food Protection Committee of the National Academy of SciencesâNational Research Council, predicted that begin italics Silent Spring end italics would appeal to "the organic gardeners, the antifluoride leaguers, the worshipers of 'natural foods,' those who cling to the philosophy of a vital principle, and pseudo-scientists and faddists."[497] He advised that, "in view of her scientific qualification in contrast to those of our distinguished scientific leaders and statesmen, this book should be ignored... It is doubtful that many readers can bear to wade through its high-pitched sequences of anxieties."[497] He warned that the attitude expressed in the book "means the end of all human progress, reversion to a passive social state devoid of technology, scientific medicine, agriculture, sanitation, or education. It means disease, epidemics, starvation, misery, and suffering incomparable and intolerable to modern man."[497] End ID.
ID. begin bold Table 17.8 end bold
Chemical Names and Characteristics of 12 Insecticides Commonly Used for the Control of Turfgrass Insect Pests
The following table has headings in italics. They are Name of insecticide, with one column for Common and another for Chemical, as well as Chemical grouping*
*Câcarbamates. CHâchlorinated hydrocarbons. OPâorganophosphates. Mâa miticide only.
Entries:
Carbaryl; 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate; C
Carbonphenothion; S-(p-chlorophenylthiomethyl) O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate; OP
Chlordane; 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexhydro-4,7-methanoindene; CH
Diazinon; O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorodithioate; OP
Dicofol; 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2, 2,2-trichloroethanol; M
DursbanÂŽ; O,O-diethyl O-(3,5,6,-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate; OP
Ethion; O,O,O',O'-tetraethyl S.S'-methylene bisphosphorodithioate; OP
Lead arsenate; Lead arsenate; â
Malathion; O,O-dimethyl dithiophosphate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate; OP
Methoxychlor; 2,2,-bis (p-methanoxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichlorothane; CH
Propoxur; o-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate; C
Trichlorofon; Dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl) phosphonate; OP. End ID.
ID. Earthworms can be objectionable on certain turfgrass areas such as greens because they leave small mounds or casting that disrupt the uniformity, appearance, and playability of the surface (Fig. 17-16). As much as 0.8 lb per sq ft of castings can be brought to the soil surface in 1 year. The castings contain a mixture of soil and decomposed organic material, are particularly high in nutrients, and have improved stability in water. The castings must be removed from the surface of the green prior to moving operations or active play. The use of insecticides may be necessary where castings are consistently formed due to earthworm activity on greens. Insecticides that are effective include chlordane and lead arsenate.
begin bold Figure 17.16 end bold. Earthworm castings deposited on the surface of a creeping bentgrass green. The photo is black and white and is of several bumps on turf seen from above. End ID.
ID. and dissipation by sunlight, precipitation, and irrigation.
begin bold Table 17-5 end bold
Chemical Names of 24 Commonly Used Turfgrass Fungicides
The following table has headings in italics. They are Name of fungicide, with one column for Common and another for Chemical, as well as Nonsystemic, N or systemic, S
Entries:
Anilazine; 2, 4-dichloro-6-o-chloro-anilino-s-triazine; N
Benomyl; Methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate; S
Cadmium compounds; Cadmium carbonate, Cadmium chloride, Cadmium sebacate, Cadmium succinate; N
Captan; N-(trichloromethylmercapto)-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide; N
Chloroneb; 1,4-dichloro-2,5,-dimethyoxybenzene; N (S)
Cycloheximide; 3-(2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-cyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-glutarimide; N (S)
Daconil 2787ÂŽ; 2, 4, 5, 6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile; N
Dexon; p-dimethylaminobenzene diazo sodium sulfonate; N
DifolatanÂŽ; cis-N-[(1,1,2,2,-tetrachloroethyl)thio]-4-cyclohexene-1,2,-dicarboximide; N
Dinocap; Dinitro(1-methyl heptyl) phenyl crotonate; N
Folpet; N-(trichloromethylthio) phthalimide; N
Mancozeb; Coordination product of zinc ion and maneb; N
Maneb; Manganous ethylenebisdithiocarbamate; N
Mercury, inorganic; Mercurous chloride + mercuric chloride; N
Mercury, organic; Cyano (methylmercuril) guanidine; N (S)
PCNB; Pentachloronitrobenzene; N
PMA; (Acetato) phenylmercury; N
Sulfur; Sulfur; N
TerrazoleÂŽ; 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole; S
Thiabendazole; 2-(4'-thiazolyl)-benzimidazole; S
Thiophanate; 1,2-bis (3-ethoxy-carbonyl-2-thioureido) benzene; S
Thiophanate-methyl; 1,2-bis (3-methoxycarbonyl-2-thioureido) benzene; S
Thiram; Tetramethylthiuram disulfide; N
Zineb; Zinc ethylenebisdithio-carbamate
End ID.
Following IDs are of pictures from a different book.
ID. color to the grass. Small amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) and iron are included to stimulate growth.
There are several other broad-spectrum products. Tersan OM, for example, contains 45 per cent thiram and 10 per cent chlorophenol mercury. Thimer contains 75 percent thiran and 3 per cent phenyl mercury acetate. Still another Cad-trete, is a combination of 75 per cent thiram and 8 per cent cadmium. All three appear to be "happy marriages" of two good fungicides and should prevent and control most lawn diseases. Thiuram-MM is a combination of thiram and both forms of inorganic mercury, mercurous and mercuric chlorides.
Three other all-purpose fungicides, Acti-dione RZ, Acti-dione Thiram and Seed Treater X, have already been discussed. Still another if Formula Z, advertised as a "5 in 1" product.
section heading in bold: Soil Sterilants
Soil sterilants may be used to more or less sterilize the soil prior to planting or to sterilize top-dressing before using it on new seed-
178. End ID.
ID. Text is in two columns, with first headed in bold as Type of Pest and second headed in bold as Recommended, Control/1,000 sq. ft.
The pest and recommended treatment are bolded at the beginning of each entry.
7. Billbug: Small, white, legless grub. Adults are black, 3/8" have snout or long bill. Feeds on roots of grass near soil surface and on leaves. Several species attack Bermudagrasses and Zoysias. / Spray: 8 ozs. Chlordane 75%.
8. Eriophyid Mite: Not yet definitely identified, but found attacking Bermudagrass in Arizona in 1959. Mites hide under the leaf sheaths causing considerable damage. Lawn appears tufted or rosetted in areas. / Dust: 1/2# sulfur dust.
9. Wasps and Bees: Damage lawns by digging nests or burrows in the soil and making mounds at entrance to nests. / Dust: 2 1/2# 5% DDT, or Granle: 1# 10% DDT, or Spray: 4 tablesps. 75% Chlordane
10. Crawfish (Crayfish): Objectionable because of the ugly burrows and mud chimneys it builds in wet soil. / Spray: 5 ozs. 50% DDT wettable powder in 3 gals. water (Apply 1 oz. per hole)
11. Mole: Small, furry animal, seldom troublesome to turf unless attracted by grubs and other soil insects. Their tell-tale ridges and mounds disfigure lawns and golf courses. Key to elimination is getting rid of food supply. See control for grubs. / Moles may be eliminated by means of harpoon-like or choker traps. Use according to manufacturer's instructions.
12. Pillbugs, Snails, Slugs: Not true insects, related to crustaceans. Usually found on damp ground under boards and stones. Pillbugs roll up into a tiny ball when distrubed; slugs are shell-less moving about lawn leaving mucous on plants and sidewalks. Snails are blackish and slimy wish shells and feed on tender grass plants. / Dust: 2 1/2# 6% Chlordane dust, or Spray: 2 ozs. 50% DDT wettable powder in 3 gals. water, or Bait: (May be purchased commercially)
13. Fleas, Chiggers (Red Bugs), Ticks: Tiny insects that do not harm the grass but inflict damage by iting people and transmit disease, such as tularemia and tick fever. Invade from wooded areas or spread to lawns from dogs, cats or rodens. / Dust: 3# 1.5 Diedlrin, or 1/2 or 2# Lindane 1%, or Spray: 1/2 cupful 15-18% Dieldrin, or 6 tablesps. 25% Diazinon (5% malathion dust is an excellent control for fleas).
End ID.
ID. Picture from book.
164 | begin italics Responses of Environment end italics
century (Boswell, 1952). accumulations of residues reached astounding levels in some crop soils. Levels were particularly high in soils beneath orchard trees and in soils dedicated to cotton culture. Almost all residues were confined to the top few inches, and established plants whose roots penetrated well below the cultivated layer showed little or no effects of these excessive amounts. However, vegetable crops fared poorly in soils heavily contaminated with arsenic, as did cover crops in orchards. Efforts to replace old orchard trees with young usually failed. Attempts to re-use orchard lands to produce cereal, forage, or vegetable crops proved economically disastrous over wide areas. The problem pyramided with increasing resistance of insects to arsenicals, and, particularly in apple orchards, this resulted in heavier, more frequent arsenic applications. The pattern was particularly marked in the Pacific Northwest, where some areas had accumulated amounts up to 1400 pounds of arsenic trioxide per acre. Legume crops became progressively poorer; alfalfa and beans often died on high-arsenic tracts although they thrived on immediately adjacent sites that had no spray residues. Several years of natural leaching and chemical decomposition were required before such common crops such as rye, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and peas would grow acceptably well. The steadily increasing rates of application resulted in amounts on marketed fruit that finally became inacceptable. Great Britain would not buy American apples. The hazard in arsenic accumulations ran the full gamut from soil to marketed product, and led, deplorably slowly, to major changes in the production, processing, and marketing of fruits and vegetables. Economic losses were staggering to growers farming land on which accumulations were excessive. The effects were widespread and occured over many crop types, and only after many years have the residual effects been ameliorated.
Arsenical insecticides. End ID.
ID. Illustration of the Disney Evil Queen witch dipping the red apple into the cauldron boiling over with green poison. End ID.
Last 2 IDs are pictures from the last unnamed book.
ID. Grain baits probably produce the great unintended loss of this kind. Graminivorous birds have been found dead on many occasions in areas undergoing control. In 1960, for example, 1080-treated grain bait distributed by air for forest rodents killed several species of birds, with heaviest mortality of Steller jays (E. G. Hunt, personal communication). in this instance no real searchers were made for bodies; they were found at camp grounds. Thousands of geese were killed in the Tule Lake area of northern California and Oregon by carelessly distributed grains directed at meadow mice (Mohr, 1959). Repeated losses occur among pheasants and quail under similar circumstances.
Abnormally heavy broadcasts of nonselective insecticides, such as the chlorinated hydrocarbons dieldrin, DDT, endrin, and heptachlor, are capable of killing mammals. In insect control programs these chemicals will normally be applied at rates of 0.25 to 1.5 pounds of toxicant per acre. Within this range no lasting direct effects on mammals have been noted. Where, however, the special habits of a pest insect require high insecticide doses and long residual action, mammal mortality has been common. In a campaign in Illinois against Japanese beetle, dieldrin was used as 3 pounds per acre. Ground squirrels, muskrats, rabbits, and other vertebrates were killed (Scott begin italics et al. end italics, 1959), and general declines in population numbers followed because of continuing direct loss. The program against the imported fire ant in the southern states was based initially on 2 pounds of dieldrin or heptachlor per acre (dose since lowered). Exact figures on loss are not available, but populations of some species declined markedly (e.g., racoons, rabbits). Mammal mortality was revealed in all investigations, and many specimens examined contained chemical residues in tissues. Surviving raccoons in one area studies still had residues in their tissues a year after treatment (DeWitt and George, 1960). DDT, below 4 to 5 pounds per acre, does not affect mammals directly, but indirect effects have been noted at even normal insect control levels. End ID.
ID. Direct exposure to toxic levels of chemicals is chiefly accidental. Only in rare instances is exposure intentional. A number of suicides (and a few homicides) have chosen agricultural chemicals to accomplish their ends. Some of these chemicals are eminently suitable. Parathion, for example, has been used many times for suicide in Germany. The greater number of illnesses or deaths are not intended, and arise chiefly from carelessness or ignorance.
In households, adults may unknowingly ingest contaminated food or children gain access to stored pesticides or to the empty containers in which they came. Parathion and thallium, as examples, have both caused death from their presence in flour. An entire family became ill after consuming spinach brought in a jute bag formerly containing parathion; the spinach itself had been free of insecticides. Accidental death of children has been reported many times. Particularly responsible are rodenticides and organic phosphate insecticides stored in easily opened or breakable containers. One child, for example, died after drinking from a Coca-Cola bottle in which parathion had been stored. A girl died after breaking and spilling part of the contents of a bottle of TEPP on herself. Another died after playing in a large empty container that had held parathion dust. Gross carelessness and ignorance are as much the causes as the pesticides themselves. Exposure of this character continues to occur, and can perhaps always be expected. In the United States about 150 deaths a year are attirbuted to pesticides. In one year (1956) almost half were due to the "older" pesticides, arsenic and phosphorus. In that year only 35 of the total number were linked with the newer synthetic compounds. The Public Health Service agencies and poison information centers in the United States. End ID.
Mottled sea stars (Evasterias troscheli) and flat bottom sea stars (Asterias amurensis) clinging to the ferry pier pilings in Homer, Alaska.Â
i love when very small bats open their mouths real big and it takes up the entirety of their faces, you can barely even see their eyes
:V
the dubious philosophy of salmon

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What does the Kermode bear (Ursus americanus kermodei) have in common with red haired-humans? Its cream-colored furâsported by about 1/10 of the populationâis due to a recessive MC1R gene, the same gene associated with red hair in humans! The Kermode bear is a unique subspecies of the North American black bear that can be spotted in British Columbia. While these bears are sometimes mistakenly thought to be albino, they have dark paws and dark noses. Photo: Maximilian Helm, CC BY 2.0, flickr https://www.instagram.com/p/CXaOu2SMWas/?utm_medium=tumblr
charlie27's Life List â Photo: (c) David Hofmann, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-ND)
A list of SO many species I saw at my time at Carkeek!
Carkeek Park lies on the coast of the Puget Sound not even 10 miles north of downtown Seattle. Opened in 1918, Carkeek Park originally overlooked Pontiac Bay on Lake Washington. The land was donated by Mr and Mrs Morgan J Carkeek. Mr Carkeek was a builder and contractor who worked in Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. The original Carkeek Park was just 23.2 acres and designed as an overnight camp facility with a bunkhouse and dining hall. In 1926, however, the federal government bought the Sand Point region for use as a Naval Air Station. With the $25,000 Carkeek received from the government, he offered to buy land for a new park. Petitions were put in for Piperâs Canyon, where the Piper family homesteaded at the time and after whom the canyon, creek, and orchard are named, to be the site of the new park. [This land was originally used by the Shilshole band of the Duwamish, among other peoples. Their original name for Piperâs Creek was "Kwaateb," meaning "leave it alone."] The Park Board, however, believed that a new park was not needed or wanted, and the money from the old Carkeek Park site would be better used rehabilitating current parks. City Council went against the Boardâs position and bought Piperâs Canyon for $100,000 on top of the $25,000 from Mr Morgan Carkeek. The Council also put in an order to purchase Matthews Beach, but that sale was not finished until 1951. Carkeek Park opened where it stands today in 1928. The current park is 220 acres of forests, meadows, an orchard, wetlands, creeks, and a beach. The following walking tour will highlight some of the natural history within Carkeek Park.
http://clerk.seattle.gov/~F_archives/sherwood/Carkeek.pdf http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040815&slug=carkeek15 http://pugetsoundgis.com/projects/ https://www.seattle.gov/parks/find/parks/carkeek-park
Stop 1: Fungi
Forgoing the main entrance to Carkeek Park, this tour begins walking due north along Piperâs Creek Trail from the Eddie McAbee Entrance off NW 100th Place. Â This entrance was named in honour of Eddie McAbee who died due to complications related to diabetes at the age of 30. Â His father, Dick McAbee, was a builder, philanthropist, and humanitarian. Â Along with donating the land for the park entrance in 1953, he co-chaired a funds drive to move the Ballard General Hospital to a more appropriate location. This hospital is known today as the Swedish Medical Center.
As you walk along the trail to the first stop, keep your eyes focused on fallen logs and old tree stumps. Â Especially after a recent rainstorm, fungi litter the soft, damp wood. Â Fungi are the only organisms that can digest word and are therefore critical to the cycle of trees in any forested environment. Â Although many species of fungi can be found along this trail, one of the most prevalent across North American forests is Trametes versicolor, also known as turkey tail fungi. Â This species is named for its fan-like projection that resembles the tail of a turkey. Â T. versicolor fungi, as the species designation âversicolorâ implies, vary in colour, but are most typically brown or perhaps a cinnamon-brown.
http://crownhillneighbors.org/wp/2010/07/gifts-from-the-builder-the-eddie-mcabee-park-entrance/
Stop 2: Wind-felled Logs
Follow Piperâs Creek Trail across one bridge and then another. Â Stand on the second bridge over Piperâs Creek when you arrive at this site. Â If you face south (to your left, if you are following the tour in order), you will see many fallen logs stretching across Piperâs Creek. Â These logs were not felled by human hands, but instead were blown over, possibly weakened by old age or low structural integrity from other disturbances. Â Now, these trees are home to various invertebrates, offer food for decomposer fungi, and provide a way for animals to cross the creek without having to swim. Â
When trees fall in an old growth forest, they leave gaps in the canopy. Sun again can reach the understory, which allows young saplings to grow in the clearing. These saplings will eventually be tall enough to close the canopy, again shading the majority of the understory.  Abiotic disturbances, which also include fires, floods, ice storms, etc., allow the forest to recycle some older trees and other plants to provide space for younger plants to grow.  Even if a forest seems entirely devastated from one of these natural disasters, life will soon reappear and the forest will start again.

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Stop 3: Erratics
Continue along the trail, crossing the creek a few more times. Â If you come to a fork in the trail, youâve gone too far. Â
17,000 years ago, Seattle was buried under the Puget Lobe of the Vashon Ice Sheet. The Puget Sound Region was compressed under 3,000ft of ice.  Effects of this glaciation include drumlins, hill-like ridges which run generally north/south across the Region; moraines, gravel depositional zones that outline as far as the glacier reached; and erratics, huge boulders of non-native rock that fall out of the ice as a glacier melts away.  Erratics frequently travel hundreds of miles with the glacial ice before being dropped. Standing in this location you can see two erratics, one with some tasteful moss and less tasteful spray-paint, the other directly opposite across the trail, essentially cloaked in moss and hidden amidst brambles and ferns.
These are small erratics, as many are easily the size of small homes.  They are still, however, strong evidence that a glacier at one point covered the region. The strength of the glacial ice knocks massive chunks of rock free.  These chunks are frozen into the glacier and carried along as the glacier expands.  When the glacier melts, it reaches a point where the ice is no longer strong enough to hold the weight of the massive boulder, and the erratic falls out of the glacier, usually to not be moved again.  Erratics are far too large to be easily moved by human activity. The rock can be tested to determine its place of origin, further confirming that a given boulder is the product of glacial activity. Â
Stop 4: Great Blue Herons
As you follow the creek to the next stop, keep a look out for wading great blue herons.  Birds have this funny habit of not staying still. They have been seen along the creek, but rarely in the same spot twice.  Great blue herons are the largest North American herons.  They appear blue-grey with a long yellow beak and long, thin, grey legs.  In this region of the US, they can be found year-round. Â
The creeks in Carkeek collect runoff from an urbanized watershed and are therefore polluted by pet waste, motor chemicals, and pesticides. Â It is not advised that you go in the water, but if you do, be sure to wash, especially before touching your face or eating. Â While humans are encouraged to stay out of the creeks, herons and salmon occupy the water. Â Salmon ceased spawning in Piperâs Creek after 1927 due to the poor water conditions. Various programs to repair the water quality led to the return of salmon in 1987, and salmon continue to return to spawn in these creeks today.Â
If you have not already reached spot 4 on the map, follow Piperâs Creek Trail around the Metro Plant, the building within the fence. Â Continue past this building to the bridge.
https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Great_Blue_Heron/id http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040815&slug=carkeek15
Stop 5: Licorice Ferns and Mossy Maples
Once youâre between the creek and the small parking lot, take the first left onto Hillside Trail.  When the trail forks, keep to the right to stay on the same trail. Soon, youâll begin to see moss-covered big-leaf maple trees, Acer macrophyllum.  These trees are coated in a variety of mosses, and out of these mosses grow licorice ferns, Polypodium glycyrrhiza. Unfortunately, the patch I managed to get a picture of was beginning to die, so there were only a few fronds and many were browning.  These ferns are typically a vibrant green.
Licorice ferns are an epiphyte, which means they are a âplant that grows upon another plant or object merely for physical support,â according to EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica. Â They can be found on trees, fallen logs, and rock surfaces, for instance. Although not a parasite in any form, licorice ferns are dependent upon pre-existing structures for growth. Â So while the mossy tree cares not whether the fern grows, the fern cannot grow without the tree to hold it.
https://www.britannica.com/plant/epiphyte
Stop 6: Plants
Continue along Hillside Trail. At the first fork, stay to the right. At the second, to the left. Â You will come upon two sections of stairs. Â Climb the first section to the small landing, then only to the 4th step of the second set. Â This is the location to which I returned almost weekly to document the changing landscape. Â Just behind you to the north (your right) is the ladyfern patch (Atherium filix-femina) I watched grow over the course of my observations. Â The ground-cover plant next to the ferns, with pointed, five-lobed leaves are Pacific water-leafs (Hydrophyllum tenuipes). Â If you turn around, the round-lobed ground-cover youâll see on the other side of the trail are fringecups (Tellima grandiflora). Â Amidst the fringecups are taller stalks with three-lobed, pointed leaves. Â These are the large-leaved avens (Geum macrophyllum). Â Behind the fringecups and avens, you can see two large shrubs with three serrated leaves in clusters, and if you cover the distal leaf, the remaining two leaves look like butterfly wings. Â This shrub is salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis). Â If you turn around again, back to the side with the ladyfern patch, the large shrub behind the waterleafs, with the broad, soft, five-lobed leaves is a thimbleberry plant (Rubus parviflorus).
The most common tree you can see in this spot is the alder (Alnus sp.), but there are two western red cedars (Thuja plicata) and a big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). Â Near the ladyfern patch is an Indian-plum (Oemleria sp.). Â For more information on the plants around you and how to identify them, please click the âJournalâ link at the head of my blog.
Stop 7: Song Sparrows
If you were listening while admiring plants in the previous spot, you might have heard this bird singing. Follow Hillside Trail a few metres further around the bend to a patch of less dense plants.  Standing here puts you in a song sparrowâs territory. If itâs springtime, you might be able to hear a few sparrows defining their territorial limits. This spot unfortunately requires a bit more work than any other on this tour.  In the pursuit of a better glimpse of this bird, I highly recommend pulling out a smartphone (how entitled of a tour, to make you bring your own equipment) and looking up a song sparrow song. The songs of these birds vary regionally. I prefer to use a call from Washington, Oregon, or California to lure out birds in the park, but other song sparrow dialects may also work. If you stand and play the call, ideally the territory owner will come circle you in an effort to find and scare off the intruder.
Song sparrows, and many other birds, are highly territorial in defense of the best resources. Birds sing to outline their territories, and males sing to lure a mate and to encourage other males to stay away.  The song sparrow hears a call of a different bird in their territory, and they come to defend their resources. Song sparrows softly match the songs of intruders and vibrate their wings as warning signs for the intruder to leave.  If an intruding bird is seen and has not left after a series of warning displays, the territory owner will attack the invading bird. Most frequently, aggression between two live birds does not last long enough for a fight.

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Stop 8: Slugs
Right before this stop, there is an important tree you should see. Â When the trail forks, stay to the right along Salmonberry Trail. Â A couple metres after the fork, there is a western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla, tree with the base of the trunk almost 2m off the ground to the north (your right) of the trail. Â This hemlock grew out of the nurse stump of what I believe was either a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) or western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Â The bark at this point has decomposed away, and I unfortunately cannot identify a tree from the rotting inner wood. Â The roots of the hemlock grew through where the stump used to be and are now strong enough to support the tree, even though the wood of the stump continues to dissolve away.
On to the actual stop.  Not even 10m further along the trail, you will see essentially directly in front of you, a big-leaf maple shaped like a backwards number 4.  I have dubbed this the Slug Tree.  The straight trunk of this maple is still alive, while the trunk that juts out to the side before bending skyward is actually a decomposing snag.  A very small tributary of the creek runs right past this heavily-shaded tree.  The combination of moisture and low light creates the perfect environment for a variety of slugs, as well as other invertebrates. Around Slug Tree you can find both black (Arion ater) and banana (Ariolimax sp.) slugs. The back section, the trunk, of black slugs appears furrowed. Banana slugs have a ridge or a keel down this part of their bodies.
Stop 9: Land-Use
Follow the trail to the meadow and walk across the field to the fence. Â Youâll see a trail leading north along the fence line. Follow the fence to the parking lots, then up the stairs or along the road to the field area. Â Feel free to sit in the grass, on a swing, or at a picnic table before you learn more about this spot.
As I alluded to in the introduction to this tour, the land on which Carkeek Park is currently located was used by the Duwamish peoples until settlers forced them to move. The last residents within Carkeek Park were the Piper Family who homesteaded along the ravine.  They were relocated, not for the first time, after the land for the new park was bought off them in the late 1920s.  In 1953, funds were authorized to construct and pave the loop road you just crossed, along with a caretakerâs residence and service building near the entrance (which you did not pass), the picnic areas and stove shelter near you, and the footbridge youâll cross on the way to the final stop.  The first major construction within the park occurred in 1949, when the Greenwood Sewer District won the deed, despite protests from the Park Department, to construct a sewage treatment plant within the park.  This plant was taken over by Metro in 1954 and is still active today. This is the building you walked by between stops 3 and 4. According to the official historical record of Carkeek Park, âAccess to and construction of feeder sewer lines into and through the park plus subsequent washouts by pipe breaks have changed the park from a âwildernessâ area into an âurbanizedâ park.â
Though the park opened in its current location in 1928, the Park Department formally dedicated the new Carkeek Park on June 30, 1955.
http://clerk.seattle.gov/~F_archives/sherwood/Carkeek.pdf