Alex's Studying Corner

Introduction

Cyber deviance involves deviance w/ computers, 2 broad types: 1.) Disrupting computer network as target - hacking, cyberterrorism, etc. 2.) Using computers as tool to commit deviance - identity theft, stalking, distributing/consuming porn, etc. (Most common type, further divided into 3 categories)

Section 11-1

Computers allow people to pursue easy money by committing ID theft, digital kidnapping, or online gambling ⤷ Phishing, catphishing/romance scams, keyloggers/trojans/spyware

Most ID thefts are inside jobs – skilled employees, authorized computer users, other trusted personnel

-Digital/Virtual Kidnapping- No actual abduction takes place, but caller calls w/ "knowledge" about abduction that supposedly took place & demands ransom

Internet gambling not necessarily illegal in U.S., but it's complicated ⤷ Many outside of U.S., Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 attempted to shut down gambling by barring banks from processing transactions to offshore gambling sites – weakened by state-to-state regs. (which games, who can play, how much can be bet, etc.) ⤷ PredictIt, Stake, Kalshi, etc. ⤷ Internet Gambling from $16 billion in 2005 to > $57.5 billion in 2021, boosted by COVID pandemic

U.S. hard time regulating because of borderless/global nature of internet

Section 11-2

Fast-growing pop. use internet to find easy sex – solitary sex while online, arrange IRL hookups, have affairs online & offline, & viewing pornography

-Cybersex- Describes variety of behaviours involving sex conducted over internet w/ people you've possibly never met, most participants are white, male, & college educated ⤷ Sexting, exchanging nudes, etc.

5 Main Reasons: 1.) Anonymity 2.) Ease & convenience of finding partners 3.) Sharing sex. fantasies 4.) Outlet for masturbation 5.) Can lead to IRL sex w/ partner

Some don't view online affairs as really infidelity ⤷ "It's just fun," or "Just a friendship," or "No real sex happens" etc. ⤷ May be more appealing than trad. cheating – anonymity, convenience, escapism, etc.

Most cyberporn users are older married men – commonly white middle-class ⤷ Same stats. for CSAM viewers, no prior felony convictions, highly diverse occupations, many trade CSAM to fulfill "collectivist fetish" (comparable to other collectibles)

Section 11-3

-Cyberaggression- Similar to cyberbullying, but neg. online interaction (harassment, menacing, & potentially threatening) isn't repeated as is cyberbullying ⤷ In both, the victim is usually someone the deviant knows ⤷ Often takes form of cyberstalking

Due to anonymity of internet, easier to express prejudice & get away w/ it – prejudice more likely to be expressed online rather than face-to-face ⤷ Become serious worry in domestic & foreign policy debates over interpretation & boundaries of first amendment

Unsure if incidents of hate crimes / people spewing racial/ethnic/misogynistic hate means efforts to stop it are failing OR if prejudice has been reduced to where we are now ⤷ Best way to fight is bystander intervention by either content moderations or sharing posts debunking hateful misinfo. / arguing against the post ⤷ Anonymity that promotes expression of prejudice protects bigots by concealing identity ⤷ Anonymity that prevents discrimination protects potential victims by concealing identity from bigots

Prejudice is a covert, psych. state, discrimination is overt behaviour

Research developments on internet trolls reveal strong correlation between trolls & "Dark Triad" – Narcissism, lack of remorse/empathy, & deceitfulness ⤷ Also linked to sadistic characteristics, some add to dark triad to make "Dark Tetrad"

Cyberstalking involves emails, IMs, posts on message boards/soc. media, or any other electronic/digital postings that harass/threaten another person repeatedly ⤷ Increasingly common & often more disturbing & dangerous than trad. stalking ⤷ Can result in serious emotional & mental harm, phys./sex. assault, kidnapping, & even murder

Most cyberstalkers are male, most victims females, most cases are older victimizing younger, most know their victims

Many young adults victimized by revenge porn ⤷ Term may be misleading as it can be uploaded for numerous reasons (steal & sell for profit, post upskirt shots for sex. reasons, as a joke/to show off to friends, etc.) ⤷ "Porn" suggests it's legal if it doesn't meet tech. def. of obscenity & isn't for sex. grat., but many would be mortified

Calling it "Image-based woman abuse" identified real problem: It's not the porn, it's the fact that it abuses women & men

Aussie survey reports ~30% of men & women had nude/semi-nude picture of self sent or posted digitally w/o consent ⤷ Laws against posting in every state except MA & SC

Section 11-4

Term "Hacking" doesn't auto. mean malicious, usually references illegal activity ⤷ Most well-known is computer sabotage, planting malicious viruses on computers to delete files/cause computer to act abnormal ⤷ Worms are malicious programs that make several copies of self w/o assistance from user until it finally crashes system

Hacking not always malicious, can be mischievous but still illegal ⤷ Most mischievous hackers not computer geeks, but avg. students taking advantage of lax security & "Anywhere, anytime" accessibility of school computers (changing grades)

Most hackings now aimed @ stealing personal info/identities for money originating within rich countries like U.S.

-Social Engineering- Tricking employees into revealing passwords/other secret info. by posing as collogues/other trusted insiders

Increasing # of financ. hackings in rich west. countries by orgs. in relatively low-income countries lacking anti-hacking laws/enforcement ⤷ Most either smart youngsters or frustrated men in their 20's-30's

Mostly a juvenile delinquency, characteristics & causes of juv. del. found among hacking: 1.) Overwhelming male activity, male-female ratio as high as 99:1 2.) Likely to come from dysfunctional fam. w/ parental neglect, parental conflict/separation, phys. abuse, etc. 3.) Often associated w/ peer group & engage in activities encouraged by the group

-Hacktivism- Accessing computer systems/files illegally for various political & soc. conscientious purposes. Largest & well-known group is Anonymous

Anon. originally formed on 4Chan, Project Chanology to combat Scientology's agg. censorship ⤷ DDoS means Distributed Denial of Services ⤷ Russia 2022, Trump 2017, OpSony 2011, HBGary Federal 2011

LulzSec (Lulz Security) "black hat" hacking group, seeks to more beat security systems & embarrass designers & owners

FBI's Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) collects complaints related to internet crime ⤷ 2021, ~20,000 business e-mails compromises (BEC), losses over $2.4 Billion USD

Ransomeware – 57% pay because on avg. being shut down is 24X more expensive than paying

Digital Terrorism – Water supply, gas & oil prod., telecomms., banking, ATC, transport., emergency systems, etc. ⤷ Unimpeded by physical barriers (in U.S. - oceans, large & peaceful neighbours, etc.)

-Surface Web (Clearnet)- 4%, Google, Bing, Wikipedia, etc.

-Deep Web- 90%, Can't be found/indexed by conventional search engines, databases, med. records, legal docs., etc.

-Dark Web- 6%, Encrypted network between TOR servers & clients, drugs, sex. trafficking, terrorism, illegal porn, etc.

The Silk Road, The Pirate Bay, Missionary Church of Kopimism, Cryptomining

Section 15-2

-Older Adulthood- aka Late Adulthood, 65+ y/o, Erikson principle dev. task is ego integrity vs. despair/disgust, Maslow suggested self-actualization, Birren suggested reconciliation. Aim to resolve past conflicts & achieve new meaning for self, life, & death

~46 million in 2014 (14.9% total U.S. pop.)

Often marked by variety of bio., psych., & soc. changes but majority are living productive/satisfying lives

-Ageism- Butler's term for systematic stereotyping & discrimination against those who are old(er)

Period of development not linked to pathology ⤷ 65-74 y/o young old, 75-84 y/o old old, 85+ y/o oldest/very old

Section 15-3a

1.9 million deaths in 2014 (73% total deaths), death rates increase rapidly as get older

Section 15-3b

All 5 leading CoDs in 2014 for 65+ were chronic/degen. diseases, led by heart disease & cancer ⤷ Human-induced & communicable diseases declined in relative sig. ⤷ Accidents increasingly prominent, mostly falls, car wrecks far less freq. ⤷ Homicide, suicide, & HIV not in top 10 in terms of overall #'s (not rates)

Section 15-3c

Males die larger #'s than females until ~75 y/o, far more females die ⤷ More females live to advanced age, more die, higher death rates ⤷ Female centenarians (100+ y/o) expected to grow in first half of 21st century

Section 15-4

Older adults sig. less fearful of death, but differs based on # of variables ⤷ Poor phys./psych. health, being widowed, being insitutionalized, etc.

Kalish (1985) 3 reasons for relatively low fear of death: 1.) May accept death more easily than others due to having lived long/full life 2.) May accept death as result of socialization where they repeatedly experience deaths of others 3.) May view life as having less value than younger person, may not object to death as much

Section 15-5

Older adults coping w/ life-threatening illness or dying have 4 basic needs: 1.) Maintaining sense of self (15-5a) 2.) Participating in decisions regarding life (15-5b) 3.) Being reassured their life still has value & meaning (15-5c) 4.) Receiving adequate & appropriate health care (15-5d)

Section 15-5a

Reassessment of self-concept, self-esteem, & life called Life review – Reflection, Reminiscence, Reevaluation, Introspection, etc. ⤷ Hospice often encourages ill/dying to set achievable goals with craftwork & make gifts for others – accepting gifts w/ warmth & appreciation act of affection, not wish for death

Section 15-5b

Autonomy concern for older adults who have experienced # of losses & worried about dependence ⤷ Many want to stay @ home, decision to enter long-term care facility may be point of contention – may lead to kind of learned helplessness as wishes of older adult aren't supported/validated ⤷ Patient Self-Determination Act of 1991, those admitted to healthcare facility must be informed of rights to fill out living will, grant someone power of attorney for med. decisions, or have their wishes for treatment recorded & respected

Section 15-5c

Loss of others/own illness may cause concern for phys. death, reduced contacts w/ sig. others may lead to isolation & concerns of soc. death, often lasting dimension of quality of life involves expressing sexuality/sex. needs ⤷ Can take form of intercourse, but often just hugging/simple touches

Section 15-5d

Lack in thorough/vigorous healthcare for elderly, political actions & orgs. like AARP mobilize older adults & ensure needs are addressed appropriately

Section 15-6

Older adults likely experience losses in greater #'s, variety, & rapidity than any other age group

-Bereavement Overload- Situation in which individuals don't have enough time/other resources to process grief & mourn effectively before another loss occurs

Not all losses are death related

Section 15-6a

May grieve "little deaths" throughout life like those associated w/ illness ⤷ High blood pressure, constriction/obstruction of arteries, certain cancers, arthritis, emphysema, diabetes, etc.

Some long-term degen. diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]) have special losses for older adults ⤷ Phys. (loss of muscle control, pain), Psych. (confusion), Soc. (loss of mobility, institutionalization, limited capacity for soc. exchange), spiritual (meaning of life/universe)

Section 15-6b

"Lonely Oldies" special group that have survived losses of most/all members of fam. of origin, loneliness & deprivation may not be lessened by joy found in presence/attention of members of younger gen. ⤷ Maintaining roles & relationships crucial, typically found in form of companionship – someone to talk to, share burdens/pleasure/sex. grat., & offer presence & care when own needs in future as needs increase ⤷ Those who experience death of spouse/partner may be @ higher risk in following years for increased morbidity & mortality (illness or suicide)

Section 15-6c

As many as 10% of elderly w/ adult children experienced death of child when parent was 60+ y/o ⤷ Surviving parent many view death as violation of natural order, experience survivor guilt & wish to take place of child ⤷ Fam. legacies less certain, older survivor may be obligated to care for grandchildren

Section 15-6d

-Forgotten Grievers- Sometimes applied to grandparents who experience double loss from loss of grandchild & losses experienced by grandchild's parents (their son/daughter). Both connected & distanced from events

Section 15-6e

Loss of pet marks importance of relationship, may not always be from death – can be from getting lost, not having money to care for it, etc.

Section 15-7

Suicide not in top 10 CoDs but still 7,812 65+ y/o in 2014 (17.9% of all suicides)

17.9/100,000 death rate for 75-84 y/o, 19.4/100,000 for 85+, sig. higher than whole U.S. pop. 13.8/100,000 ⤷ Older adults less likely than younger to attempt, but much more likely to be deliberate & succeed in attempt

Mostly associated w/ untreated/undiagnosed depression