Making a tincture involves steeping the herb or root in alcohol, extracting
its oils, minerals, alkaloids, and glycosides so that it is in its purest form.
You can use vegetable glycerin or apple cider vinegar instead, particularly
in tinctures intended for children, but they aren’t quite as effective at
pulling out the good stuff.
You’ll need strong alcohol, at least 80 proof. Everclear works well, as
does vodka or brandy. You’ll also need a pint jar to fill with the herb or
plant you want—any of the herbs listed above will work here. Chop the
herb up a bit or bash it around with a mortar and pestle to help it break
down. You’ll want the jar to be full, but not pack your herbs in too tightly.
Then fill the jar completely with the alcohol. (If you’re using dried herbs or
roots, you need only put in enough to reach halfway, and then add the
alcohol up to the top.)
Seal the jar tightly. Label and date it, and let it rest in a cool, dark place.
For the first week, shake it once a day, then let it rest for five more weeks.
At the end of the resting period, use a layer of muslin or cheesecloth
held tightly over the jar to strain out the liquid. Decant the tincture into one
of those small, dark glass bottles, preferably one with a dropper, and keep it
stored away from direct sunlight. It should last for five to ten years.
It’s more trouble than it’s worth to make your own essential oils. A true essential oil is extracted by boiling the herb in question and skimming the oil off the top—that’s a task best left to the professionals. But you can make your own herbal oil. It may not be quite as distilled, but it can still be effective, and it’s a great way to preserve herbs for use long into the winter. The nice thing about creating your own oils is that you can use any combination of herbs that you desire. You might mix calendula, catnip, lemon balm, marshmallow, mullein, plantain leaf, and yarrow for an oil that is particularly effective for skin care, or lavender, vervain, lemon balm, and yarrow for a soothing oil to rub on the temples. Chop or bruise your chosen herbs and place them in a jar. Fill the jar with the carrier oil of your choice (olive or almond oil works well), covering the herbs by one inch, and leaving one inch of space at the top. Close the jar tightly, and allow it to sit in as much sunshine as possible for a month. Strain the oil through a cheesecloth on an as-needed basis, leaving the rest to continue steeping.
A poultice is a soft, moist mass of herbs, cloth, and other ingredients, and
it’s an excellent tool for treating topical infirmities. A hot poultice is
excellent for drawing out infection, as with bee stings or draining abscesses,
while a cold poultice will help reduce inflammation.
Gather the herbs you want to use, either fresh or dried. If they’re fresh,
you may want to mash the herbs up in a mortar and pestle (the traditional
way) or blitz them through a food processor (the modern way). Even if
you’re planning on making a cold poultice, add a couple of tablespoons of
hot water to your herbs to awaken them, before letting them cool. You can
add medicinal clay powder, Epsom salts, or baking soda and combine with
water until the mixture becomes a thick paste.
For ailments like congestion or insect bites, you can place the poultice
directly on the skin, making sure, of course, that it isn’t too hot. To treat a
burn or something that could easily become infected, place a clean cotton
cloth between the skin and the poultice.
Common herbs and their uses
Ashwagandha: The name translates to “smell of horse.” This herb is hard to find fresh, but powders, pills, teas, and extracts are available.
Benefits: Increases energy, boosts the immune system, antiinflammatory, reduces anxiety.
Suggested use: Stir ¼-½ tsp. powder into warm milk and honey
before bed.
Concerns: May increase thyroid hormone levels and lower blood
sugar.
Black cohosh: This member of the buttercup family could be grown in a garden. Dried roots, capsules, teas, and extracts are also available.
Benefits: Relieves menstrual cramps and arthritic pain. Eases
symptoms of menopause.
Suggested use: Drink as a tea or mix with honey as a syrup.
Concerns: May cause upset stomach, so consider taking with food.
Calendula: Also known as marigold, this herb could be grown in a garden, but is also available as teas, oils, and creams. Useful for dyeing and food coloring as
well.
Benefits: Helps heal cuts. Good for diaper rash or other skin
irritations. Calms an upset stomach.
Suggested use: Steep petals in just below boiling water for ten
minutes, then drink as a tea. Add dried flowers to coconut,
almond, or olive oil as a salve.
Concerns: None known.
Catnip: It’s not just for cats! Catnip is easily grown and also available as a capsule, tea, extract, and essential oil. It is also handy as an insect repellent.
Benefits: Anti-inflammatory. Good for insomnia, upset stomach,
menstrual cramps, headache, and treating the common cold.
Suggested uses: Steep for tea, sprinkle essential oil into the bath or
rub it on the temples, use in cooking (it’s a member of the mint
family, so its flavor is better than some).
Concerns: None known.
Cranberry: Easily obtained fresh or frozen and also available in pill form, this herb is a great source of vitamin C, fiber, and vitamin E.
Benefits: Most frequently used to treat and prevent urinary tract
infections. Also shown to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease,
slow tumor progression in cancer, and help prevent gum disease.
Suggested uses: Because they’re so tart, cranberries often come
with a lot of sugar. Try to buy reduced-sugar dried cranberries
and stay away from most cranberry juices. If you can manage it,
drink the unsweetened juice to relieve a UTI, and certainly try
making your own cranberry sauce at Thanksgiving.
Concerns: None known.
Dittany: This is one of those herbs with a long history. It is also known as “burning bush.” Easily grown, it is hard to find in dried or tea form.
Benefits: Antibacterial, antifungal, and antimicrobial. Good for the
skin and the intestines, and is thought to be an aphrodisiac.
Suggested uses: Steep in hot water for tea, but use sparingly. Use as
an antibacterial balm or poultice.
Concerns: If you’ve put some on your skin, stay out of the sun, as it
can increase the risk of sunburn.
Elderberry: This herb has been used to battle a flu epidemic in Panama as recently as 1995. It can be grown, but is also available as a pill or an extract. For your personal garden, look specifically for Sambucus nigra, as other elderberry
varieties can be toxic.
Benefits: Boosts the immune system, treats sinus infections, lowers
blood sugar, acts as a diuretic and a laxative, good for skin health
and allergies.
Suggested uses: They’re delicious! Can be made into a syrup, jams,
or jellies—even wine.
Concerns: Don’t pick and use wild elderberry unless you’re
absolutely certain the plant is Sambucus nigra. Always cook the
berries to remove any toxicity.
Feverfew: This is another herb with a long history. Easily grown and available dried, it is most frequently found in capsule form.
Benefits: For centuries, it was used to relieve fever, to assist with
childbirth, and for fertility. Now it is most frequently used to
prevent migraines. It can also help with tinnitus, nausea,
dizziness, asthma, and allergies.
Suggested uses: It doesn’t taste good, so not recommended even as
a tea. Instead, make a tincture or purchase capsules.
Concerns: If you do drink it, feverfew can cause irritation in the
mouth. If taken in large quantities on a regular basis, stopping can
cause withdrawal symptoms, so use only as needed. May cause
the uterus to contract, so don’t take while pregnant.
Horse chestnut: This is not the kind of chestnut you’d want to roast on a fire, but it is still useful. It is not recommended for personal processing, as the seed contains esculin, a poisonous substance. Purchase an extract or pill instead.
Benefits: Shown to be extremely effective against varicose veins.
Also good for hemorrhoids and frostbite.
Suggested uses: 300 milligrams of horse chestnut seed extract twice
daily.
Concerns: Don’t consume raw horse chestnut seeds, bark, or leaves.
Lemon Balm: This member of the mint family has a distinct lemony scent. It is also known as “melissa.” It is easily grown, but also available in tea, extract, and
essential oil forms.
Benefits: Calms anxiety, encourages restful sleep. Good for the
skin, improves mood and mental clarity.
Suggested uses: Steep fresh or dried to make tea, use in cooking,
use to flavor honey or vinegar, use in a hot bath.
Concerns: None known.
Marshmallow: Sadly, these are not the things we put in hot chocolate. The root is available dried, as well as in powder, extract, capsule, and tea form.
Benefits: Aids with dry cough, represses inflammation in the lining
of the stomach, good for chilblains and sunburn.
Suggested uses: Drink as a tea, add to a base oil for a salve.
Concerns: May cause low blood sugar.
Milk thistle: This herb is easily grown, as it’s pretty much a weed. It’s available as an extract, pill, or tea.
Benefits: Milk thistle can protect your liver from toxins—say, for
instance, alcohol. It can even be used to treat cirrhosis and
jaundice and helps with environmental toxin damage.
Suggested uses: Steep in hot water or make a tincture. Not
recommended for use in cooking.
Concerns: May cause diarrhea.
Mullein: This is the clear quartz of herbal healing. It is easily found and grown and available both dried and in capsule form.
Benefits: Known particularly for respiratory relief, including cough,
bronchitis, asthma, and pneumonia, it’s also good for earache,
fever, sore throat, migraine, and to heal the skin.
Suggested uses: Apply a tincture to relieve ear infection, drink as a
tea, use as a salve to heal wounds and bruises.
Concerns: None known.
Plantain leaf: Pretty hip these days, as herbal remedies go, plantain leaf is easily grown and available dried or in capsule form.
Benefits: Great for the skin, particularly in relieving insect bites,
poison ivy, and sunburn. Lowers cholesterol, helps clear up
bladder infections, relieves constipation or diarrhea.
Suggested uses: Make poultice with clay and water or make a salve
with a base oil. Infuse vinegar to spray on the skin to provide pain
relief. Drink as a tea.
Concerns: None known.
Rue: This herb is also known as “herb of grace.” Easily grown, it is also
available dried, in capsule form, or as an essential oil.
Benefits: Used to promote menstruation, it provides a sense of calm
and well-being and is good for relieving gas, mucus, and arthritis.
Suggested uses: As an oil or poultice it can relieve croup or chest
congestion. Drink as a tea to ease anxiety.
Concerns: This one is serious—it can cause a miscarriage. Use in
small amounts, regardless of whether or not you’re pregnant.
Valerian: This is an attractive addition to any garden, with a pleasing scent, but it is the root which holds the good stuff and that does not smell good. Easily
grown, this herb is also available in tea, capsule, and extract forms.
Benefits: Valerian is very effective against insomnia. It also calms
anxiety and depression, and helps with ADHD and headache.
Suggested uses: Drink a tea made from the leaves for a mild
sedative, or steep the roots for something stronger. Add a tincture
to a bath for a gentler, child-friendly alternative.
Concerns: None known, but obviously don’t operate heavy
machinery.
Vervain: Usually blue vervain is used, but other types seem to work just as well.
Easily grown, vervain is also available dried or as an extract.
Benefits: Helps with anxiety and sleeplessness. Also provides pain
relief, eases tense muscles, and promotes an overall sense of wellbeing.
Suggested uses: Steep in hot water as a tea. Not recommended in
cooking, though it smells nice, so add a little to a bath.
Concerns: May cause nausea.
Yarrow: This member of the sunflower family is easily grown—and quite lovely— and available dried or as an essential oil.
Benefits: Relieves fever, as well as cold and flu symptoms. Relieves
cramps, provides a sense of calm and relaxation, and aids in restful sleep. Suppresses the urge to urinate (say, during a UTI). Use topically for a rash or small cuts.
Suggested uses: Drink as a tea in the evening to induce sleepiness
or relieve cold and flu symptoms, or make into a salve for external use.
Concerns: None known.
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