notes by sincereryy

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Typefaces - a set of one or more fonts composed of glyphs that share common design features

1. Serif - used for formality and readability; classic and elegant; the points of a letter are extended

Times New Roman

Rockwell

Onyx

Book Antiqua

2. Sans Serif - clean and minimalist; clear and direct

Arial

Gadugi

Verdana

Agency FB

3. Slab Serif - solid or heavy to look at; for emphasis

Bodoni

Playbill

Cooper

Ravie

4. Script - brush-like strokes; for formal events

Lucida

Mistral

Kunstler

Vladimir

5. Decorative - wide variety of emotions

Jokerman

Chiller

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Visual Media - content that can be seen

Visual Information - artistic or creative representation or interpretation of an idea, concept, or emotion using different forms

Types of Visual Information

1. Photos and Videos 2. Infographics (show information through graphs) and Data Visualization 3. Comic Strips/Cartoons 4. Visual note-taking

Design Principles

1. Center of Interest 2. Harmony 3. Balance: Symmetric and Asymmetric 4. Contrast

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Audio Media - any sound perceived by the ears and processed by the brain

Motion Media - a collection of graphics, footage, and videos combined with audio, text, and/or interactive content to create multimedia

Manipulative Media - used by advertising or marketing firms to satisfy their clients

1. Consumer confusion 2. Crown manipulation 3. Propaganda 4. Gatekeeping 5. Celebrity endorsements 6. Hoax 7. Psychological manipulation 8. Fearmongering

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Multimedia - various forms of media combined into one

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1. Hearing Aids - worn by a partially deaf person to amplify sound 2. Google Glasses - enables users to navigate the internet through voice command and or use the touchpad 3. Apple Watch - can be connected to the internet which allows users to receive and respond to notifications from a phone 4. Phones - used to communicate over long distances without wires

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3D Technologies

1. Computer-Generated Imagery - digital graphics used in visual media, often in the form of 3D animation 2. Hologram - records the light scattered from an object, and then presents it in a way that appears three-dimensional 3. 3D Environment - allows interaction with other beings as well as manipulation of objects 4. Stereoscopy - production of illusion of depth in photography, movie, or other two-dimensional images by the presentations of a slightly different image to each eye, which adds the first cues; the two images are then combined in the brain to give the perception of depth (e.g., 3D Film) 5. 3D Printer - allows the users to print something in 3D

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MOOC

1. Massive - there may be 100,000+ students in a MOOC 2. Open - anyone, anywhere can register for these courses 3. Online - coursework is delivered entirely over the internet 4. Course - MOOCs are very similar to most online college courses

Examples of MOOCs

Duolingo - language learning platform, accessible to anyone with an internet connection

Treehouse - learn coding and app development

English Live - online English learning platform with interactive and real-life teachers

Google Primer - learn digital marketing basics

Lynda - educational and training courses

Codecademy - free courses on coding ranging from HTML to Ruby

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Dimensions

1. Economy

Opportunities

instead of manually computing investments, they now monitor their businesses and investments using their personal computer and even their phones

they may also use socmed to receive news about local and global news that could affect their investments

with the use of socmed, they may advertise their businesses, and even pay for things such as Facebook Ads

Problems

the easier it is to earn money, the easier it is to lose it (e.g., scam)

2. Education

Opportunities

modern tech is used for us to continue education

the teacher may use different ways of presenting the lesson to students like Canvas, Zoom, and Aralinks

Problems

too reliant on media and information

become lazy

3. Society

Opportunities

in beauty, people tend to base their perception of beauty with the physical looks of a person instead personality

Problems

it’s easier to bully others

children learn what they should not

4. Politics

Opportunities

people may be updated on the news regarding the local and national government

some address their issues about the government through socmed

people may find out the politician’s platforms

Problems

propaganda

the government can control what people talk about on socmed

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Illegal content (or age-inappropriate content) - can be damaging to young people such as real or simulated violence, sexually explicit content, and content promoting hate, crime, violent extremism, unsafe behavior, etc.

Identity theft

happens when someone steals your personal information to commit fraud

information may be used to apply for credit, file taxes, or get medical services

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Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution Section 4

Libel (written defamation) - a published false statement that is damaging to a person’s reputation

Slander (spoken defamation) - the action of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person’s reputation

Misquotation - the instance of quoting something to someone incorrectly (right person, incorrect quote)

Mislabeling - done by mislabeling a person or organization with misleading, hurtful, or damaging statements (right quote, incorrect person)

Anti-obscenity law (Article 201 of the Revised Penal Code) - material would be a violation of the anti-obscenity law if it includes immoral doctrines, obscene publications or exhibitions, and indecent shows

Glorifying criminals

Promotes violence

Promotes lust

Pornography

Offends a race or religion

Promotes prohibited drugs

Encourages acts against the law

Piracy - unauthorized duplication of copyrighted content that is then sold at substantially lower prices in the ‘grey’ market

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Republic Act No. 8293 - protects one’s intellectual property

Types of Intellectual Property

1. Trademark

identifies the source of the good or service of one owner

brand

distinguishes one product from another

2. Patent - protects inventions 3. Copyright - protects original artistic and literary works from the moment of their creation

Copyright infringement - use of copyrighted materials without the permission of the owner; no matter how many times the owner is cited, without the permission, it’s still copyright infringement

Plagiarism - owning someone else’s work

Netiquette - set of rules for acceptable online behavior

Digital Divide - the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology

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Virtual Self

1. R.A. 10175 - an act defining cybercrime, providing for prevention, investigation, suppression, and the imposition of penalties therefor and for other purposes 2. Dangers of the Internet

Addiction - excessive use of something or act that interferes with one’s daily life

Online Crimes - cyberbullying, pornography, information leakage, etc.

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2. Aural Language

Diegetic/non-diegetic sounds for mood

Diegetic sound - any sound presented as originating from the source within the film’s world

Non-diegetic sound - neither visible on the screen nor has been implied to be present in the actions: narrator’s commentary, sound effects, mood music

3. Written Language - based on text or photos 4. Verbal Language - how dialogue is delivered and its context 5. Non-Verbal Language - use of gestures and actions

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Image Analysis - extractions of meaningful information from images

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Language - technical and symbolic code or ingredients and conventions that media and information professionals may select and use to communicate ideas, information, and knowledge

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Technical codes

include sounds, camera angles, types of shot, and lighting

use of equipments

Audio technical codes

Non-Diegetic - characters don't hear the music Diegetic - characters hear the music Sound bridge - music travelling between shots Sound effects - highlight and exaggerate sounds (e.g., clacking of swords) Voice over - narration, non-diegetic

Shot sizes and angles

Close-up - tightly frames the subject; highlight movements Full shot (Wide shot or Long shot) - shows the subject thoroughly Medium shot (or Waist shot)- frames the subject from the waist up Extreme long shot - covers a wide area; concerned with the setting High angle shot - makes the subject look weak and vulnerable Low angle shot - empowers the subject

Camera movements

Tilt Pedestal Pan Truck Dolly - camera moves Zoom - camera simply zooms in

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Symbolic codes - language, outfit, or action of the character, and iconic symbols that are easily understood

Denotation - dictionary meaning

Connotation - potential and suggested meaning

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Characteristics of Business Transactions

Exchange

Measurable

Common denominator (Currency)

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Non-Financial Transaction - if the transaction doesn’t contain the above characteristics

Chronological Recording - business transactions are written in the book according to the order of their occurrence

T-Account - simplest tool used to analyze the effects of the transaction in each account

Trial Balance - listing of debit and credit balances of accounts from the general ledger

Income Statement - presents the income, expenses, and net income or loss realized during a certain period

Balance Sheet - presents the financial position of the business at a given date

Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity - accounting equation

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Account Titles - provides the description of the type and nature of the business transactions and groups them into five accounting elements

Five Major Accounts

1. Asset (Debit: increase)

Cash

Accounts Receivable

Notes Receivable

Merchandise Inventory

Equipment

Furniture and Fixtures

2. Liabilities (Credit: Increase)

Accounts Payable

Notes Payable

Loans Payable

Salaries Payable

Utility Payable

3. Capital (Credit: Increase)

Owner's Equity/Capital

Owner's Drawing

4. Income (Credit: Increase)

Service Income

Sales

5. Expenses (Debit: Increase)

Salaries Expense

Utility Expense

Supplies Expense

Taxes and Licenses

Transportation Expense

Debit - left side of the account

Credit - right side of the account

Journal - book of original entry

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2. Illegal

Shadow Economies

activities that are not recorded in government statistics (Choi & Thum, 2005)

exist outside the state

have a bearing on the state

Shadow Economies and the State

“Illegal” employment

Significant wealth and accumulation of entrepreneurs which provide economic power based on:

a. Political capital for local elites and strongmen b. Consolidation of power of strongmen to manipulate that state c. Violent conflict

(Lara & Schoofs, 2016)

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Private sector vs. Public sector

Private Sector - institutions that are privately owned (produce private goods)

Public Sector - government-owned (provide public goods)

Type of Goods (Private and Public Sectors)

Private goods Public goods Common good Artificially scarce good

Characteristics of Goods

Rivalry (consumer) - a good consumed by an individual cannot be consumed by another

Non-rivalry - consumption or use of a good/service does not reduce the quantity available to others

Excludability (producers) - paying for the good prevents access by others

Non-Excludability - consumption or use of a good/service does not prevent others from consuming or using it

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Example of Environmental Scanning Tool: SWOT Analysis

1. Internal: Strengths and Weaknesses

Business resources: Tangible and intangible—e.g., reputation

Business culture: Internal and external motivation (VGMOs - what do you want to achieve; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR))

Business structure: Organizational arrangement

2. External: Opportunities and Threats

Market/Customers

Stakeholders

Competitors

Government regulations

etc.

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Example of Environmental Scanning Tool: PESTEL Analysis

1. Political

Government expenditures

developmental projects vis-à-vis businesses

national budget as a “moral document”

Political stability

priorities of the seating leaders

2. Economic

Gross domestic product - economic performance based on output vis-à-vis investors

Inflation - the vis-à-vis purchasing power of consumer

Tax reform - vis-à-vis cost of production

Foreign exchange - vis-à-vis imports and exports

3. Social

Demography - composition of the population

Lifestyle and trends - tastes and preferences

Belief system - e.g., religion

4. Technological - progress

Innovation (researches) - the backbone of entrepreneurship

Method of production - industrial revolution

5. Legal

New regulations - vis-à-vis business venture—experiences and immersion

Labor Code of the Philippines - legal and ethical

6. Environmental

Resource constraints - available and unavailable resources

Climate change - industries and their effects (the land where we live)

Sustainable development - corporate social responsibility

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Structure of a Family

1. Nuclear - traditional

2. Single Parent - one parent

3. Extended Family - living with grandparent/s or cousin/s

4. Step Family/Blended - remarried parents

5. Grandparent Family - under the care of grandparents

6. Adoption - family not related by blood

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General Functions of a Family

Procreation

Economic Provision

Love

Socialization

Sense of Security

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Ways of Improving Family Relationship

Communication

Learn to appreciate

Sharing activities

Commitment to the family

Show support to each other

Acceptance

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Genogram - Monica Goldrick and Randy Gerson (1980s)

a tool that will help you understand yourself and your family

visual representation of a family

more detailed and gives more information regarding familial and psychological or emotional relationships and patterns including medical conditions and history within that family

Use of Genograms

used to source information that aids in understanding patterns, practices, or dynamics that possibly affects or influence certain human conditions

for adolescents, understanding their own family origins may lead them also in understand themselves better and their relationships

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Notes:

Legal separation means that there was no court hearing and only papers were signed.

The symbol for annulment has three slashes.

Annulment is when the marriage shouldn’t have happened in the first place, while a divorce is when the marriage doesn’t work out.

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Steps in Mind Mapping

1. Think of a central idea and place it in the center of your paper. Encircle it for emphasis.

2. Make small branches to put down ideas relating to your central idea.

3. Use keywords, not phrases or sentences.

4. Use color codes.

5. Use images or visuals.

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Main Structure of the Brain

1. Cerebrum

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Frontal Lobe - motor skills, problem-solving, judgment, planning, and attention

Occipital Lobe - vision; ability to read and recognize printed words

Parietal Lobe - organizing and interpreting sensory information from other parts of the brain

Temporal Lobe - coordinate specific functions such as visual memory (facial recognition) and verbal memory (language comprehension) and interpretation of emotions and/or reactions of others

2. Cerebellum

autonomic processing center of the brain

the site of processing for voluntary movement

coordinates activities such as staying balanced with activities such as running

3. Brain Stem

Parts of the Brain Stem

Midbrain - controls eye movement and processes visual and auditory information

Pons - help connect different parts of the brain; help in the function of facial movement and transmitting sensory information

Medulla Oblongata - the control center of the heart and lungs to regulate breathing, sneezing, and swallowing

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Thalamus

receives some of the higher brain’s replies, forwarding them to the medulla and the cerebellum

important in sleep because it shuts off incoming signals from the senses, allowing us to rest

Limbic System - governs emotion and memory

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The Whole Brain Model

Ned Herrmann

describes our thinking preferences

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Multiple Intelligence

1. Verbal Linguistic (Word Smart) - the ability to read, write, comprehend, and use a language and communicate

2. Math Logic (Number Smart) - the ability to analyze and reason, understand the abstract, and easily understand math and science concepts

3. Bodily Kinesthetic (Body Smart) - the ability to learn by doing, and being agile and good in body movement and in sports

4. Musical (Music Smart) - the ability to understand music, pick up a tune, sing, play instruments, and compose music

5. Spatial (Picture Smart) - the ability to understand patterns, drawings, diagrams, and maps, organize space, and have a sense of direction

6. Interpersonal (People Smart) - the ability to interact with people freely, understand the dynamics between people, resolve conflicts, and organize teams, events, etc.

7. Intrapersonal (Self Smart) - self-aware, connected with self, and knows the self, who am I, what are my patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting, what drives me, and what blocks me

8. Naturalist (Nature Smart) - understands nature and ecology, is sensitive toward plants and animals, understands their world, and appreciates the beauty, love, and care for pets and street animals

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Homeostatic State - describe balance or equilibrium in our body system

Stressor - anything that induces stress (can be of external nature or internal stimulus)

Stress Factors

1. Physiological Factor - affects the body and its functions

2. Psychological Factor - affects our thoughts, feelings, and behavior

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Walter Cannon

stress = “fight or flight” syndrome

fight or flight - an initial reaction to a physical or psychological threat

Hans Selye - associates stress with mental, emotional, and physical states produced within the organism in response to stimulus

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

1. The Alarm Stage - recognition of stressor

2. The Resistance Phase - adaptation and resistance

3. The Exhaustion Phase - feeling burnout, fatigue, and dysfunction

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Coping Strategies

Richard Lazarus: coping - cognitive or behavioral response to stress aimed at managing or reducing stress

Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Primary Appraisal - evaluation of the meaning of the situation and check if it will affect him

Secondary Appraisal - involves how one feels about the situation

Coping Styles/Mechanisms

Emotion-focused - involves shame and embarrassment, fear and anxiety, excitement, anger or depression

Behavior: Distant, constant crying, shouting, turning to vices (alcohol, smoking, video games, drugs), eating disorder (not eating or overeating), sleeping disorder (over-sleeping or sleeping less)

Problem-focused - takes control of the situation directly in practical ways

Behavior: Removing/reducing the stressor, researching about the problem, consulting friends or professionals, strategizing/finding a solution, adapting, learning new skills

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Vulnerability - level of susceptibility or tendency to be affected by stressors

Stress Level - level of the effect of stressors in your life

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