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it's no doubt been said many times, but global warming is a class issue. not only because how the economy runs and how much environmental harm it produces is almost exclusively controlled by the capitalist class in most countries, but because that class, and its lackeys, move between air conditioned homes, air conditioned cars, air conditioned offices, and air conditioned recreational spaces, while many people in lower classes globally suffer inescapable heat due to the way they're forced to live. the suffering and deaths caused by hot summer days is a class issue
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OK I keep seeing people refer to the Michigan parasite outbreak and then others will chime in âitâs in my state too!â so to clarify this for everyone it is a NATIONWIDE outbreak reported in 31 US states as of today, July 12th 2026. There is no reason to assume it is not present in the rest of them
NBC Newsâ tally shows at least 26 states have reported cases of the parasitic stomach illness, as health authorities race to find the source
The CDC is tracking cases but they are significantly lagging behind the states on numbers (their data is weeks behind) so itâs probably going to be most effective to check your individual stateâs infectious disease tracking.
This is a parasite that usually causes about 3000 cases of illness per year in the USA, Michigan currently has reported about 2900 (the confusion about âMichigan outbreakâ is because Michigan is the first that caught an uptick in cases and has been very proactive about trying to trace them). Last official update from Massachusetts was 18 cases here centered in Greater Boston. The CDC recommends NOT assuming there are no sources of the parasite in your state even if no cases have been reported.
It isnât an unknown illness but it is an unusual quantity of cases, and the fact that they havenât been able to pin down the source after weeks of tracking is what makes it particularly concerning this year (harder to contain).
Wash your hands, wash your produce, cook it ideally, and advocate for farm workers to have access to safe and hygienic toilet facilities
came to your blog from the original blood post looking for Fun Blood Facts and learned stuff i didnt know about blood types!! weirdly fascinating. so my question is, because type O blood doesnt have any sugars bonded to it, is that what makes it a universal blood type? because it has an absence of something so you don't have to worry about incompatibility because there's nothing there to start with? ive always wondered what made it 'special' compared to the other blood types
Yep pretty much! O has an absence of A and B sugar molecules, so there is nothing for the recipient's immune system to react to. The same is true for RhD "negative" blood (doesn't have a specific protein on red blood cells) which is why O- blood is concidered the universal donor.
In emergency situations, where there may not be enough time to complete a type and screen on the patient, O- greatly reduces the risk that they recieve incompatible blood by having fewer antigens for the immune system to target.
That being said, O- blood can still trigger antibody creation or hemolytic reactions in a some people. There are many other blood groups that people can have antibodies against. ABO and RhD are just two of the most tested and usually more severe examples. However, the chance of a significant reaction is low, since it requires prior exposure to mismatched blood before. In an emergency, this risk is sometimes outweighed by the dangers of losing a lot of blood.
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Ok so main concepts for understanding blood compatibility (antigen-antibody interactions) and what causes hemolytic transfusion reactions below. Testing info and importance of blood donation + genetic distribution to follow
Our bodies, generally speaking, are pretty good at recognizing self and differentiating that from non-self. When our immune systems detects cells or components made by our body, it shouldn't react. When it detect foreign, potentially harmful substances, our white blood cells can respond in a variety of ways. One type of white blood cell, called B cells, produce antibodies.
Usually, we think of antibodies when we talk about diseases and vaccinations, but there are several types of antibodies which get produced in different kinds of reactions. In all cases, antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind with specific substances, known as antigens. That means each antibody has a target, like a specific protein or sugar, that it matches with like a lock with a key. The process of binding together is called agglutination and sometimes lots of antigen-antibody complexes get clumped together. Agglutination often acts as a signal for other cells to come respond to the threat, although it can sometimes neutralize targets directly.
Note: antigen =/= allergen! Allergens are a type of antigen that cause an allergic response
We can imagine with disease, once the body recognizes a foreign microbe through infection or vaccination, it can produce antibodies that target some part of the virus/bacteria/etc, like a protein structure on the microbe's surface. The antibodies bind to their targets and often work as huge flags to the immune system that there is a foreign material that needs to be destroyed.
Many blood transfusion reactions work in a similar way. Our red blood cells have many antigens, mostly proteins on or in the cell membrane. A, B, and D (the +/-) are examples of antigens, but there are a ton more. Our bodies are familiar with the antigens we produce and can react when exposed to foreign ones. When someone receives blood with antigens they don't make themselves, they may have an immune response as their body recognizes and attacks the foreign cells.
This image shows how agglutination can happen with 2 types of antibodies. They bind to red blood cells and can cause them to stick to each other. "Complement activation" refers to proteins involved in increasing immune system response to destroy and clear cells from the body
These types of antibody-mediated transfusion reactions can be acute and occur minutes to hours after the start of the transfusion, or they can be delayed days or weeks after. The antibodies signal for the immune system to destroy the foreign donor red blood cells, which is called hemolysis. The breakdown of cells can cause mild to severe side effects and complications as the pieces of red blood cells flood the body. It also ruins the intent of the transfusion itself, since the destroyed blood can't help fix the original blood problem.
Note: As a term, "blood transfusion reactions" can refer to a variety of reactions, including immune-mediated (hemolytic, non-hemolytic febrile, allergic reaction, and TRALI) and non-immune (infection, TACO) responses. Blood bank testing is mostly focused on preventing immune-mediated hemolytic reactions
Now, antibodies can be weird. People produce them in different amounts and strengths, they can be affected by age or illness, and our bodies remember how to produce them for different periods of time. Not everyone who is exposed to blood with foreign antigens produces antibodies against it or will have the same response. There are also a lot of different blood antigens; some can cause stronger or longer antibody response.
Many transfusion-related antigens also only cause reactions after repeat exposure. Much like vaccines or allergies, the first exposure primes the immune system, showing it what the foreign substance looks like. Then, the next time that substance appears, the immune system can respond faster and harder than it did before. Most antibodies in transfusions, including the one that targets D (the +/- of your blood type) antigen, work like this.
This means people may be exposed to new blood antigens during a transfusion, transplant, or through pregnancy (including ectopic and aborted pregnancies), and not have a significant response. But during a following exposure, their body then produces lots of antibodies against the antigen it has seen before and produce a reaction. People who receive multiple blood transfusions are at a much higher risk of repeat exposure to antigens they don't make.
The exception to this is ABO mismatching. A and B antibodies are naturally occurring, meaning that our bodies can produce them without having ever been exposed to other blood before. This means that we can have a large antibody response on first exposure to an incorrect type. Different countries and transfusion centers have different testing procedures and requirements, but ABO typing is given priority because of its ability to cause immediate, severe reactions.
Remember, people make antibodies against what they don't already have themselves. Those with type-A blood will not make A antibodies, but they can make B antibodies. Type-B blood can make A antibodies, but not B. Type-AB have both antigens, so they don't make antibodies for either.
O is not an antigen. Type-O blood means that there is a lack of A and B antigens. Therefore, these individuals can produce antibodies against A and B. Type-O blood can be used in emergency situations because lacking antigens means there is nothing to stimulate an immune response (unless you're quite unlucky enough to have the Bombay phenotype).
When testing blood for transfusions, the goal is reduce people's exposure to antigens they don't make that can cause reactions, especially A or B. We want to detect the presence of certain blood antigens in the recipient and match those to the antigens in the donor, so the donor isn't exposed to anything their body doesnt recognize.
But there are over 40 blood group systems that can produce different antigens, with varying degrees of clinical significance. Most people have never been exposed to foreign antigens before and/or don't make any antibodies that would cause hemolytic transfusion reactions, so testing every person for every antigen would be a waste of time and resources.
Generally, blood testing before a transfusion has two components: a type test to identify the presence of 3 antigens and a screening test for relevant antibodies.
A routine blood type is testing done to identify ABO and Rh(D) blood types. ABO because they can produce serious reactions with no previous blood exposure. D is part of the Rh blood system, which are involved in more significant hemolytic transfusion reactions than many other blood groups. D is positive if you make it, negative if you don't. There are other Rh antigens that can be tested for, including C, c, E, and e.
Blood typing utilizes antigen-antibody reactions to identify both the antigens present on a donor's red blood cells and the antibodies they produce. This is done in two stages, a front type and a back type.
A front type looks for the presence of A, B, or D antigens on the recipient's red blood cells, so we can learn what antigens their body makes. You add a solution containing antibodies to their red blood cells and check visually for agglutination. If the target antigen is present on the red blood cells, the antibodies bind to them and clumped complexes all stick together. You can visually see the clumps in different teating methods, either in a glass tube, little gel tubes that the complexes get stuck in, and laid out on slides/latex cards.
If there are no antigens to bind to, the blood won't stick together and no agglutination will be seen.
I think this figure shows the agglutination in tube really well. A strong reaction forms a very stuck-together little button, while weaker reactions break apart into small clumps. No antibody binding results in hazy, clumpless tube. Sometimes, the binding can be present but really weak, which might appear very hazy. Sometimes clumps can only be seen under a microscope. This is usually due to people having weak expression and not making a lot of the antigen.
A and B are the two antigens we look for in ABO typing. If you have agglutination with just A antisera, you have A antigens and are type A. The same is true for B. If you have agglutination with both, you have both antigens and are type AB. If there is no agglutination, your red blood cells have neither A not B, and you are type O.
We also use this type of test to identify Rh(D). Agglutination indicates it is present, while no clumping indicates absence.
However, blood typing tests dont always work perfectly because there are interferences that cause false positive, weak, or false negative results. Some people make few antigens, there are structural abnormalities that can disrupt antibody binding, and some drugs/conditions/other circumstances can cause agglutination when the person doesnât actually make a specific antibody.
To help check the front blood type, a back type is also performed. This is another antigen-antibody test, but in the reverse direction. For the ABO blood system, the body naturally makes antibodies targeting what it doesnât make. So, we can check a front type by seeing if the antibodies a patient makes correspond to the antigens they seem to have. If a patient has type B blood, they should make A antibodies but not B antibodies. If they are type O, they should make both A and B antibodies. AB individuals have both antigens, so they shouldn't produce antibodies to either.
Back typing is only used for antigens in the ABO system because they are naturally occuring. Other antibodies don't occur just because a person doesn't make the antigen. They only develop in individuals who have been exposed to antigens they don't make. That means plenty of D negative individuals do not make any D antibodies, since they have never been exposed to D antigens before. These types of antibodies are instead identified in the screening test described below.
With back typing, you take plasma from the recipient, which potientially contains their antibodies, and test it with red blood cells you know have A or B antigens on them. If there is agglutination, that indicates the patient makes antibodies against that specific sugar molecule. Likewise, that sugar should not be on their own red blood cells.
Here is my terrible chart of how this should be interpreted.
Now, there are instances where the front and back types dont match. Something either doesnât agglutinate when it should, or does clump when it shouldn't. It may be that a patient is elderly and cannot produce many antibodies, leading to a weak/absent back type. Maybe they have a pan-agglutination problem from a benign disorder, and all tests appear positive due to red blood cells sticking together naturally. There are different subgroups of A antigen which react differently, leading to mismatching results. Blood bank employees are trained to notice these discrepancies and follow steps to identify what is causing them, so an accurate ABO blood type can be determined.
A screen is also performed as part of routine testing for transfusions. This test is looking for active antibodies the patient is producing to blood antigens outside of the ABO system. If there are antibodies present, that indicates that the person has been exposed to other blood and their immune system has responded. Another exposure to that antigen will likely cause a bigger antibody response, leading to a transfusion reaction. The antibodies often target Rh antigens like D, but also other groups you've probably never heard of like Kell, Kidd, and Duffy antigens.
Screens work similarly to back typing. We expose patient serum, which may contain antibodies, to red blood cells with different sets of clinically significant antigens on them (here we routinely use 3 different cell types for a screen). If the patient makes antibodies to any antigens, this causes agglutination with some or all of the screening cells. The pattern of which cells clump can help distinguish what antibody is being made, but generally more testing is required for positive screens to determine what is causing reactivity. People can make antibodies to multiple antigens at once, which can further complicate testing.
People who have antibodies should generally not be given blood with the corresponding antigens, to prevent transfusion reactions from occurring. But sometimes people can be given blood transfusions containing antigens they don't make themselves. When and what type of testing is done can vary depending on where you recieve care. This is because hospital procedure and medical decisions are made taking into account the likelihood/severity of reactions vs the danger of not receiving blood at all.
What is the likelihood that some patient has been exposed to other blood products before? What is the chance they were exposed to an antigen they dont have, or the likelihood they actually produce antibodies to it?Is there concern the patient will need more blood later, which could result in repeated exposure to foreign antigens? Does the antigen involved typically cause strong, dangerous responses? All of these things can be taken into account when deciding what level of risk a transfusion might pose.
This is why, in emergencies with massive bleeding, tests are sometimes be waived. Patients can be given the lowest risk blood available, type O, which should not cause antibody production in any of the ABO blood types (barring rare genetic conditions). Rh(D) and all other antigens matter less, because a negative reaction requires several statistically unlikely conditions to be met. It's usually better to give someone potentially unsafe blood than it is to let them bleed out.
We can compare this to other situations where long-term, dangerous complications are more likely. There are several medical conditions that may require repeat blood transfusions, so patients have the potential to be repeatedly exposed to foreign antigens. They are at much greater risk of transfusion reactions down the line. Many places have policies to prevent future complications for patients expecting repeated transfusions. They can identify some or all the significant antigens (like other Rh types, Kell, and Duffy antigens) the patient makes and then match that profile to the donor blood, so people are not exposed to anything they dont already have.
So a "crossmatch" refers to checking the compatibility of the donor blood with the recipient. This can be done physically, testing for agglutination reactions between donor and recipient blood, or sometimes electronically. It generally requires the ABO and RhD types are compatible, but does not identify or match other blood antigens unless there is a reason to do so.
For most people, there is a very low risk of having an antibody-mediated transfusion reaction because it requires prior exposure to mismatched blood and the production of antibodies. A majority of people have never had a transfusion/transplant before and most people have never had a pregnancy that produces significant antibodies. Because of this, many hospitals can now do electronic crossmatches depending on their individual policies.
Electronic/computer crossmatches verify the compatibility of the ABO and RhD antigens between the donor and the host. Basically, they confirm that the donor won't be receiving any blood their body won't recognize. (Ex. An A+ patient can recieve A or O blood, RhD positive or negative)
In the US, electronic crossmatch regulations are mandated by the FDA. They can be used if a person has been typed for ABO and RhD twice (to reduce chances of an incorrect initial test)(with some time restrictions iirc). They can't be used if there has been any typing discrepancy, like a mismatch between front and back type results. They also cannot be used for anyone with a positive antibody screen, who are at much greater risk of hemolytic transfusion reactions. Since antibodies can target antigens other than ABO/RhD, these must be investigated further to determine compatibility.
For people with positive antibody screens or some other situations, usually a full crossmatch is required. The patient's plasma is mixed with donor red blood cells to see if there is any agglutination. Clumping indicates that the patient's antibodies are targeting donor cells, making the transfusion incompatible.
People with positive antibody screens can also be tested directly to determine what their antibody/ies are targeting. Much like front and backtyping, patient red cells and plasma can be tested against known antibodies and antigens to discover what their body makes and reacts with.
Since there is a much greater risk of developing antibodies, people who are expected to recieve multiple blood transfusions (like patients with sickle cell disease) often get fully typed for many/all clinically relevant antigens so that their blood can be perfectly matched with donor blood. This means, in addition to ABO and RhD, their cells are checked for a larger set of common antigens like other Rh antigens (C/c/E/e), Kell (K/k), and Duffy (Fya/Fyb).
By confirming what antigens they produce and what antigens are present in donor blood, this eliminates the chances of a person being exposed to foreign blood antigens. Many hospitals may keep a limited supply of other-antigen pre-typed blood for these cases, because type testing bags can take a lot of time. Where I did my rotations, we would try and keep a stock of bags that were pre-tested negative for Kell and Duffy antigens, as these are very common antibodies to come across.
SIX, that's right, SIX small quilts i made in May this year. they're varying sizes, but all around 10" across (except the last one, the granny square; that's about 14"). these are all made using fabric i naturally dyed in my kitchen using things like osage, madder, cutch, wattle, black walnut, knotweed, goldenrod... some modified with iron or soda ash. playing with color and making sure scraps don't go to waste!
personally I am of the opinion that vegans who are like âthe way our food system currently works under capitalism on a large scale is exceptionally cruel to all animals including humans and is not sustainable, so Iâm doing what I can to make the most ethical choices available to me about what I eat and encourage others to do the sameâ are generally very reasonable people who I agree with in spades. but vegans who seem to think human beings are not themselves animals who are ultimately also part of the food chain but instead some kind of other paternalistic higher entity that can never engage in ethical and sustainable hunting practices (and especially the fringe Iâve seen who think other carnivorous animal predators are also evil and need to be eliminated) are people I regard as foolish at best if not actively anti-indigenous and racist
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When it comes to Palestine, the sacred laws of journalism are bendable. Optional even. Passive voice is king. Omitting facts is standard. Fabrication is permissible. Journalists become stenographers, and reporters become state secretaries, as they parrot police and military narratives. They tamper with evidence. They muddle, mislead, and misconstrue, manufacturing consent for ethnic cleansing and creating confusion around murders that are clear as day. The courageous industry that boasts of speaking âtruth to powerâ is but a bullhorn for the powerful. We have seen this time and time again. It is almost satirical: anchors reject the data before their eyes to recite lies, and newspapers read like caricatures of themselves. When a 2014 Israeli airstrike on a cafe in Gaza blew eight Palestinians to shreds, the headline from the New York Times was âMissile at Beachside Gaza Cafe Finds Patrons Poised for World Cup.â Whose missile? Whose gunfire? Who is the sniper?
Mohammed el-Kurd, Perfect Victims and the Politics of Appeal
baratheonpilled
romaincrisis
amandla
s-u-f-j-a-n-s-t-e-v-e-n-s
