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Every country has popular websites.

If you want or are learning Chinese, you should not miss the following Chinese websites.

Not only can you learn more Chinese knowledge from these websites, but also know about Chinese people’s hobbies, habits, customs and things that you can’t learn from school or textbooks.

1.Baidu

(百度,bǎi dù)

——Chinese google

2.YouKu (优酷, yōu kù)- Chinese YouTube

3.Weixin（微信，wēi xìn）-Chinese WhatsApp

4.Jingdong (京东, jīng dōng)  – Amazon of China

5.Ctrip (携程, xié chéng) – China’s Best Travel Site

6.Meituan takeaway

( měi tuán wài mài)– the ninth wonder of the world

7.Zhihu（知乎 zhī hū）-Chinese Quora

8.Mandarinclass101

-the best spoken Chinese website

1.Baidu

(百度,bǎi dù www.baidu.com)

——Chinese google

If you want to find really free Chinese learning materials, please go to Baidu instead of Google. The reasons are given below:

Baidu is often called “China’s Google” because of its more localized algorithms.

The most important thing is that it is the largest search engine in China and the second largest in the world.

And has its own map system, image search, and news services.

Therefore,no matter what you want to search for learning: in Chinese materials or learning tools ,it is far more efficient than other search engines.

Now,

Baidu is the most popular Chinese search engine in China.

Most of the sources of the 7 best free online Chinese tutor websites we recommended before are due to Baidu.

2.YouKu (优酷, yōu kù www.youku.com)- Chinese YouTube

Youku is a highly recognized Chinese video website in China.

Friends who want to learn Chinese must seize this very interesting way to learn, because you can watch original free Chinese movies and TV series here, and all of them are with subtitles. Some translated American movies and TV series are also available with bilingual subtitles, making it an excellent and not-to-be-missed for learning Chinese Websites

With an estimated user base of between 9 and 100 million, Youku is one of the most popular streaming platforms in China.

Many friends think that Youku’s name was chosen because its pinyin is similar to YouTube. It is undeniable that youtube is the largest video platform in the world, but this statement is actually nonsense. Youku and youtube have very different pronunciations. Needless to say, many Chinese people are unaware that youtube exists.

3.Weixin（微信，wēi xìn www.weixin.qq.com）-Chinese WhatsApp

No matter your purpose of learning Chinese is to make friends and chat with Chinese people, come to China for tourism or doing foreign trade business, as long as you want to have a deep understanding of Chinese people and establish a good understanding and interaction, this free chat (text, voice, video) tool is the only unique tool, pay attention to the word: unique.

Because it is the real-time communication tool used by all Chinese people.

According to statistics, as of June 2022, WeChat has 1.3 billion active users

Although WeChat is essentially a platform for chatting and communication, its payment function and positioning function are also a huge convenience for you to travel in China. Almost every merchant, including grocery shopping aunties on the street, has a WeChat Pay QR code. WeChat’s online payment has achieved great success in China. Let’s put it this way, even if you regard it as China’s paypal, it’s  a nice and fitting analogy.

4.Jingdong (京东, jīng dōng www.jd.com)  – Amazon of China

JD.com is a self-operated e-commerce company in China，yet 46th in Fortune Global 500 in 2022

Friends who want to shop in China must check this Chinese shopping website:

Some people have compared Amazon in the United States with JD.com in China.

This friend stayed in China before and bought things on JD.com, so he is very familiar with JD.com. Currently in the US, though, he buys on Amazon.

One day, A funny idea suddenly occurred to him .

He wanted to find out which products on Amazon and JD.com have the cheapper price and which one has the faster delivery speed, and then he got a comparison.

So he called his brother in China to buy the same charger.

The price is there since the order was placed, and the charger is available for $7.99 in the US. His younger brother bought it for 21.99 yuan on JD.com in China, including delivery.

Delivered on the third day of purchase on Amazon, and on the second day of purchase on JD.com.

It can be seen that the goods of the same quality, the Chinese shopping website JD.com has fast logistics and transportation, and the price is good. It is worth recommending to foreign friends who have shopping needs in China. In addition, if you want to buy high-quality and cheap Jingdong electronic products, please take the time to learn Chinese，or you could hardly read the local version of JD.com

5.

Ctrip (携程, xié chéng www.ctrip.com) – China’s Best Travel Site

A must-use Chinese travel website for friends who want to travel to China.

Ctrip is a reliable travel software that I have used for many years.

Although Ctrip’s hotels may not be the cheapest among all travel websites, they have the largest number of choices, especially when booking hotels outside China.And there are also more choices for combination air tickets; What most travelers like about Ctrip is that the English customer service is online 24 hours a day, and their response speed is fast and the ability to deal with problems is very strong, which makes people feel very reassured. Now Ctrip’s tour group products are not bad.  The Visa business is also good, for buying tickets with Ctrip is efficient and worry-free for their customers

If you ask：

Are there any other good Chinese travel websites to recommend？

THE ANSWER WII BE:

Friends with limited budgets can also consider Qunar when traveling to China, but the service will be discounted, which is recognized.

On the other hand，

If your spoken Chinese is good, you can communicate with Qunar’s customer service without any problems,then you can save a little money by sacrificing some of the travel experience.

If your budget is sufficient and the Chinese level is not enough to support the whole process of barrier-free communication, it is better to choose Ctrip

Ps：It has English service （localized versions in German, French, Vietnamese and Russian at the same price）.

6.Meituan takeaway

(Meituan takeaway, měi tuán wài mài www.meituan.com)

– the ninth wonder of the world

The takeaway ordering screen that often appears in the United States is: in a party scene, pizza and other food delivery services often need to be booked by phone, and then a series of processes such as the user or the restaurant contacting the delivery company, picking up the goods and delivering them to the door. It often takes hours for a pizza to be delivered to your home.

It’s a shame if you’re traveling in China and don’t know that Meituan can deliver hot, delicious meals to your door in half an hour. Because you missed the best food delivery website in China

Friends traveling in China, if you want to eat the most authentic and original Chinese food but don’t know where to go, and you have already learned a small amount of Chinese, then you should try your best to find food that represent the customs of China, then Meituan Takeaway is your easiest choice, Pick up the phone and try it now！

7.

Zhihu（知乎 zhī hū www.zhihu.com）-Chinese Quora

The biggest difference between this Chinese website and ordinary forums is that there are some professionals who answer questions in different fields, and their knowledge level is higher than that of the forum. Compared with other knowledge platforms, Zhihu’s professionalism is revealed.

Many good articles on Zhihu can be translated directly to CNN without any problem.

The total number of content exceeds 3 million, and the annual number of visits exceeds 3 billion.

The brand mission is to “enable people to better share knowledge, experience and insights and find their own answers”

Therefore, if you have a certain knowledge of Chinese and have some insurmountable difficulties in the process of learning Chinese, you can ask questions on Zhihu, in a similar way to quora.

The native speakers who will answer your questions include Chinese teachers, doctors, scholars, engineers and other experts in various industries.

How do you feel about that？

Got a problem?

Go to Zhihu.

8.Mandarinclass101

(mandarinclass101.com)

-the best spoken Chinese website

Mandarinclass101 has officially setting out in the broader influence on online Chinese education. By offering 1-on-1 online classes from professional Chinese tutors through its revolutionary new virtual classroom that features an interactive whiteboard, multimedia lessons, and more.

Features:

-1-on-1 professional Chinese tutoring

-State-of-the-art virtual classroom with interactive whiteboard

-Full native courses built around HSK standards

-Daily updated Chinese videos, articles, and flashcards

-Individual learning statistics, notes, and badges

Whether studying for business, travel, education, the HSK, or daily communication – Mandarinclass101 has the tutors, education system, and technology to help Chinese learners of all levels and goals. All users get a free 50 minute trial class

Sounds good?

Don’t know how to choose your spoken-Chinese teacher？

First point:

What are the characteristics of a good Chinese teacher?

“Good” does not refer to the school from which the teacher graduated, and even the teaching age cannot be considered absolutely（but can be used as an important reference standard，experience is still of great use）.To find a good teacher, we must first be active in the classroom, ask various questions, and see if this teacher is talking nonsense and fooling you.Questions can be asked in detail from the following aspects:

1.Teaching material for me:

Good teachers do not choose books with special academic background as beginner materials,they have many high-quality teaching resources, such as PPT made by themselves;learning videos with appropriate difficulty;tailor-made

homework,large amount of review plans, and high-quality learning websites recommended to you.

2.The key and difficult points of teaching are clear:

No matter what the character of the students, professional teachers will not try to teach many knowledge points at the beginning, such as pronunciation, intonation, Chinese character writing, grammar, etc. Usually, teachers will grasp a key point and let students really master this key content in this class, which is better than teaching all but failing to learn a single knowledge point. They usually choose some simple and commonly used phrases and sentences to practice. After a class of training, they can usually remember a few short sentences, feel a sense of achievement, and build confidence in learning Chinese.

3.Do I Feel sleepy？

Good spoken-Chinese teachers don’t make students feel bored

Interest is the most original power to learn all knowledge, and also one of the most important standards to measure whether a teacher is professional. If you feel sleepy every time on the class, either the teacher has no experience in mobilizing the classroom atmosphere, or they do not have sufficient preparation before class. Sufficient preparation include the understanding of students’ Chinese level, the definition of teaching objectives, and the textbooks and teaching aids,some teachers will even learn about students’ personalities and preferences from the process of chatting, so that they can better integrate knowledge points into students’ interests and quickly catch their attention.        

4.Is this course difficult for me?

Good teachers will not make Chinese difficult to learn

We usually introduce the pronunciation of Chinese tones and vowels in our first lesson, but it must not take more than 5 minutes to practice pronunciation, because even if you spend a whole class in this part, they can not learn completely correct pronunciation, which can easily cause frustration. Experienced teachers usually do not take such a risk, because once they leave the impression that Chinese is difficult to learn, this class is a failure for they destroy the students’ confidence.

5.Do I like this teacher?

Professional Chinese teacher usually very natural and approachable

This is a little different from our cognition. Experienced teachers usually don’t show off their experience, let alone show a lot of evidence that they are professional. If your teacher often mentions his or her title, academic status, academic achievements, authority, etc, you should be careful that these may not always be the truth.

6.Good speaking teachers don’t use much English.

When the teacher speaks English, the students will also communicate and think in English. Such a class can make the students have little time to practice using Chinese, let alone think in Chinese.

As long as they get used to the stage of immersive learning, beginners will be thinking in Chinese.

Why so easy?

Think about how we learned languages as children:

We imitate our parents’ mouth shape and body language

Likewise, a good Chinese teacher will explain the meaning of complex words through body language, props, examples and simple words to translate complex words. It is beliveved the best teacher is the one who can teach a lesson clearly without using English, and the students will realize this and appreciate the method.

Second point:

What are the characteristics of professional oral Chinese courses？

It is difficult for beginners to distinguish whether a course has been carefully designed and polished by simply taking several classes. The following features can help  you quickly identify:

1.Weakened Learning of Chinese Character Writing

Every Chinese learner wants to be able to talk in Chinese. Many students hope that they can understand Chinese websites, newspapers and books; Most people will also need to send messages and emails in Chinese, but only a small number of people will need to write with pen and paper. What many Chinese students, including many Chinese teachers, do not understand is that learning to speak and read does not require mastering Chinese characters writing.

2.Use sound materials to learn

Language is a series of sounds. In order to use a foreign language fluently, we must do two things:

Learn to understand the different meanings of different sounds;

Learn to form those sounds in the right order.

Of course, reading, writing and grammar will help you learn the language. But if your goal is to understand and speak a language fluently, it is absolutely not necessary to learn reading, writing and grammar.

Think of a four or five year old child.

Does the child of that age already know a lot of characters?

How many Chinese characters can he write?

How many grammar textbooks did he read at that time?

How many grammar exercises did he do?

But can he speak and understand what parents and friends say?

It is through the sound (that is, the words of the parents, cartoons, etc.) to learn their mother tongue..

Unfortunately, by the time they go to school and start learning a foreign language, their teachers try to teach them spoken language through written content。

An effective spoken Chinese course that is best taught to beginners through the sound of Chinese only. During the first few months, students will not be allowed to read or write any words.

When they have learned speaking and listening to a certain level and can speak Chinese freely with others for 10 minutes, they should start learning reading and typing through pinyin. At that time, the student who has learned to speak a lot of words will quickly learn to read words that he already understands. His reading progress will be much faster than a student trying to learn speaking, listening, reading and writing Chinese characters at the same time.

3.Teaching with context

Teaching with context means to let students practice a useful dialogue in each class, which can be daily dialogues, cartoons, inspirational videos, or movie dialogues. The key point is: there must be a sense of picture. for example:

A.你好。B. 你好。

A.我的名字叫TOM,你呢? B. 我叫Jerry。你是老师吗？

A.是啊，在mandarinclass101.com教中文，你呢？

B.我是留学生，你有空教教我把

A.没问题

For someone who is just starting to learn Chinese, a conversation above is already quite challenging. He will need to listen and repeat it many times to learn it. A good course will adjust the difficulty of the conversation according to the progress of the students. Good teachers choose the right content based on their students’ personal backgrounds.

If you see here so far, it means that you really want to learn Chinese well, and you already know how to choose a good spoken-Chinese teacher. Follow us to learn more Chinese learning knowledge that is helpful to you.

-Many beginners find Chinese difficult to learn.

These students usually work very hard, buy a lot of Chinese lesson, try them out as soon as they have a trial class, and they have changed a lot of spoken-Chinese teachers.

What confuses them is that after spending a lot of time studying, they found that the pronunciation problems they encountered were not resolved. After a long time, they came to the wrong conclusion that Chinese was too difficult and that they lacked language talent.

In fact, this is a misunderstanding of learning Chinese.

As the saying goes:

There is no student cannot be taught well, only teacher knows not how to teach.

What they lack is not the right way to learn, but a teacher who can guide them.

If you also have the above questions, please think carefully about two questions:

What makes a good language teacher for you?

How do I choose suitable one for myself ?

Grasp the following two points,and then you will have a clear judgment standard in your heart. This article shares these methods, giving students who are looking for a Chinese teacher a path of hope.

1 The history and pronunciation characteristics of “Mandarin” in Taiwan

In ancient times, coastal residents of mainland China, especially those in the areas of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in Fujian, migrated to Penghu or moved to Taiwan to engage in cultivation and development in order to avoid wars or to make a living.

The people of Taiwan have formed different ethnic groups due to their different ancestral places and the time they moved to Taiwan. It can be roughly divided into four major ethnic groups: Hokkien, Hakka, people from other provinces, and ethnic minorities (collectively referred to as Gaoshan people).

At present, the total population of Taiwan is about 23 million. Among them, about 97% of the population are Han from mainland China, about 2% are ethnic minorities who settled before the Han immigration in the 17th century, and about 1% include ethnic minorities from mainland China, mainland, Hong Kong and Macau spouses and foreign spouses.

The Hokkien people who migrated from the southern coastal areas of Fujian Province make up the largest proportion of the Taiwanese population, followed by the Hakka people who migrated from the eastern part of Guangdong Province.

Therefore, Hokkien is the most important dialect in Taiwan, and Hakka is also an important dialect in Taiwan.

Both Hokkien and Hakka belong to the Han nationality, and Hokkien and Hakka both belong to Chinese dialects, which has laid a solid cultural foundation for the promotion of modern standard Chinese.

In 1932, the Ministry of Education of the National Government promulgated the Common Vocabulary of the National Pronunciation, which determined the standard of the national language, with Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation.

After the Kuomintang was defeated and retreated to Taiwan, it also actively promoted this set of national language standards in Taiwan, making it a common language which is called “chinese国语” . However, there are few people who speak “chinese国语” in daily life, and it is only used in some teaching institutions.

The non-standard “chinese国语” is influenced by various dialects, and the sound, rhyme, tone, vocabulary and grammar have all changed from mandarin. Taiwan’s radio and television and other mass media also use 国语. It has a wide range of users in Taiwan. People feel that using this “chinese国语” in life is easier to communicate and more acceptable.

The historical origin of “chinese国语” in Taiwan can be traced back to the Qing government period in Chinese history. At that time, the Qing government promoted Beijing Mandarin by setting up Zhengyin Academy in Taiwan. After the “Treaty of Shimonoseki” was signed in 1894, Taiwan was ceded to Japan, and Japan prohibited Taiwanese from using their native language, enforced Japanese, and implemented strict enslavement education.

In 1945, Japan surrendered as a defeated country. After 50 years of colonial rule, some young Chinese did not even speak Taiwanese, which caused the Taiwanese language to be very confusing. Until 1948, the “国语Daily” was printed in pinyin and Chinese characters, mainly aimed at primary and middle school students, and played a great role in the implementation of “国语” in Taiwan.

After more than ten years of hard work, the implementation of “国语” has achieved remarkable results. In the 1950s and 1960s, “国语” has basically reached the level of popularization. The main dialects in Taiwan are Hokkien and Hakka (Chinese linguists have always had a lot of controversy over the division of Chinese dialects. Some people divide Chinese into seven dialects, some people divide it into five major dialects, and some divide it into six major dialects. , the eight major dialects, and even the top ten dialects. But everyone agrees that no matter which way of division is adopted, the users within these “big dialects” sometimes cannot understand each other,but all can understand Beijing pronunciation mandarin） There are various dialects that immigrated to Taiwan from the mainland after the war. Combined with local dialects and influenced by other foreign languages, Languages of Taiwan is quite different from Mandarin.

2 Languages of Taiwan and Mandarin pronunciation comparison

Historical changes, the influence of dialects and many other reasons have made the pronunciation of the same word different between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait. These differences have accumulated over time, and gradually become the standard to be included in the dictionary, and then have a lasting impact. Some of the characters have little difference in pronunciation and may only be different in tones; while some characters are very different in pronunciation.

For example, “打击”, dǎ jī , read dǎ jí in Taiwan; “包括”, bāo kuò in Mandarin, read  bāo guā in Taiwan.

Some characters are misread due to the influence of radicals and glyphs. For example, “蜗牛” was originally read as “wō niú”, but was read as“guā niú” under the influence of “锅”. This kind of pronunciation has a broad mass base and a long accumulation process, and it is gradually learned to be false. “Xinhua Dictionary” uses wō, while “Guoyu Dictionary” is still marked as guā. The Mandarin pronunciation of the word “酵” is jiào, and Taiwan’s “national language” has both‘jiào’and ‘xiào’ Another example is the word “驯”, which is pronounced xùn in Mandarin, and xún in Taiwanese “Mandarin”.

After decades of changes, the two sides of the Taiwan Strait either adopt the traditional pronunciation, or follow the rules of phonetic evolution, or refer to the pronunciation of their respective dialects, or adopt the pronunciation in classical Chinese, as well as differences between written and spoken pronunciation, revision of dictionaries, differences in traditional and simplified characters, etc. The difference has caused various differences in pronunciation between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait. For example, Mandarin absorbs some northern dialect pronunciations, the “颈” is pronounced as‘gěng’in Mandarin, and the “national language” in Taiwan has only one pronunciation of ‘jǐng’; “垃圾” is pronounced in Mandarin as‘lā jī’, Taiwan” Mandarin” is pronounced‘lè sè’according to the dialect.

3 The influence of Mandarin and other languages

In the process of language change, pronunciation changes slowly. In contrast, vocabulary changes are more active and faster. With the increase in exchanges between Taiwan and the mainland and the influence of cultural products such as film and television dramas, many Taiwanese words are no longer unfamiliar to mainlanders.

like:

“短信duǎn xìn”  is called  “简讯jiǎn xùn”

“地铁dì tiě”  is called  “捷运jié yùn”

“空调kōng tiáo”  is  “冷气机lěng qì jī”

“录像带lù xiàng dài”   is   “录影带lù yǐng dài”

“幼儿园yòu ér yuán”   is called   “幼稚园yòu zhì yuán”

“出租车chū zū chē”   is called   “计程车jì chéng chē”

“方便面fāng biàn miàn”   is called   “速食面sù shí miàn”

Being Influenced by Hokkien

“丢人diū rén”   is called   “现世xiàn shì”

“庆祝生日qìng zhù shēng rì”   is called   “庆生qìng shēng”etc.

Taiwanese culture still retains more traditional colors, some Chinese characters still use traditional Chinese characters, and written language prefers to use vocabulary and sentence patterns with classical Chinese colors. Taiwan’s “Mandarin” still retains some old words, such as

“税收shuì shōu”   is called   “税赋shuì fù”

“邮递员yóu dì yuán”   is called   “邮差yóu chāi”

The influence of foreign cultures is also reflected in the vocabulary

for example:

Influenced by Japanese vocabulary,“盒饭hé fàn”  is called  “便当biàn dang”

The fashion word “拉风” is a transliteration based on the Japanese pronunciation of the French brand LAFONT。

“宝特瓶”( bottle)、“脱口秀”( talkshow)、“黑客”( hacker)、“马克杯”(mark) is influenced by English

Although these words are different, the meaning of words can be judged by context. The development process of language vocabulary is also the process of language interpenetration.“作秀zuò xiù”、“派对pài duì”、“赞zàn”，these Taiwanese words have now frequently appeared in the daily communication of many people in the mainland. At the same time, Languages of Taiwan also absorbed some Mandarin vocabulary.

4 Languages of Taiwan Vs Mandarin, which one to choose?

Due to historical reasons, the differences in pronunciation and vocabulary between Languages of Taiwan and Mandarin inevitably exist, but there is still a lot of consistency. Just like American English and British English, there are similarities and differences. With the increase of exchanges between Taiwan and the mainland, and the deepening of economic, trade, cultural and other exchanges, the cultural and language differences caused by long-term isolation will also gradually change. We explore the existing differences in order to better communicate and understand. When encountering differences in pronunciation and vocabulary, we can understand the meaning of each other’s expressions and respect each other’s usage habits.

If you see this, it means that you have a deep understanding of Chinese culture, or at least, you are a Chinese language learner. If you don’t know whether to study Mandarin or Languages of Taiwan. Here we give you this advice, it’s up to you to decide: all Chinese can understand Mandarin, but some minority can’t speak it. Only Taiwanese can understand Languages of Taiwan, and only Taiwanese can speak it.

Free online Chinese learning lessons are for beginners who are interested in learning to understand some basic pronunciation, the right way to learn, and a shortcut to learn Chinese. By completing the more than 20 lessons provided here, you should be able to master the basic pronunciation of Chinese characters, learn some vocabulary and master certain simple Chinese sentence structures.Are you ready?Here we go!

Lesson 1 – what is pinyin？

Lesson 2-  pinyin again :finals

Lesson 3-  simple sentence and expressions(yes/no)

Lesson 4-  simple sentence and expressions（happy mother’s day）

Lesson 5-  simple sentence and expressions（70+chinese for emergency use）

Lesson 6-  simple sentence and expressions（6 native Chinese Greetings）

Lesson 7-  scientific Chinese learning method(Am I learning authentic mandarin chinese)

Lesson 8-  scientific Chinese learning method（Beginner Strategies）

Lesson 9-  scientific Chinese learning method（How to improve Chinese reading ability?）

Lesson 10-  scientific Chinese learning method（learn Chinese words or grammar first?）

Lesson 11-  scientific Chinese learning method（How to write a Chinese essay）

Lesson 12-  scientific Chinese learning method（10 Shortcuts to Improve Your spoken-Chinese）

Free Chinese Lessons Online Tutorial

Language is not only a communication tool, but also a carrier of culture. If you want to learn Chinese well, a little understanding of Chinese culture will lead to inefficiency in your Chinese learning. Combining the study of Chinese culture with language courses can not only improve the depth of our study to a certain extent, but also help our interest in online Chinese learning

Online Chinese learning FOR Chinese culture Lesson 1（Four elements ）

Online Chinese learning  FOR  Chinese culture Lesson 2（filial piety in China）

Online Chinese learning FOR  Chinese culture Lesson 3 (Eastern and Western cultural differences)

Online Chinese learning FOR  Chinese culture Lesson 4 （Chinese birthday customs）

—-As more and more people learn Chinese, the “Chinese craze” is set off. The enthusiasm for Chinese learning is very high, and there are often questions about Chinese as a foreign language education curriculum, such as: Are there any high-quality Chinese tutor websites provide free Chinese online course?

In fact, the resources on the Internet are still very rich, and there are many good Chinese online tutors. If you look carefully, there are still some completely free Chinese teacher teaching videos and learning tools. The following is a list of some good learning resources that Chinese learners can use for free. All links have been tested for free registration, videos can be download and play, and they are real and effective.

1,Tsinghua University —– “Chinese as a Foreign Language”

Recommended reason

National Excellent Chinese as a Foreign Language MOOC, Top 50 in 2018 Global MOOC Ranking

course features

The “Tsinghua University Chinese as a Foreign Language” MOOC consists of two parts: Introduction to Chinese (taught in English) and Chinese teaching design (taught in Chinese). It is suitable for Chinese beginners and learners who are interested in Chinese teaching. The course adopts the story-based teaching method, and revolves around the learning and life stories of a boy Peter and a Chinese tutor. The content is close to life, so that students can fall in love with Chinese learning in a relaxed and active atmosphere. The course content is scientific and reasonable, well-made, and the exercises are lively and interesting. What’s even more rare is that all videos and conversations are free to download and can be learned and watched over and over again.

Click me to visit this URL

2.Peking University –— “Chinese Teaching MOOC Resource Database” series of courses

Course content

Learn Chinese：HSK Test Preparation

Chinese for HSK1

Chinese for HSK2

Chinese for HSK3 Part Ⅰ

Chinese for HSK3 Part Ⅱ

Chinese for HSK4

Chinese for HSK5

Chinese for HSK6

汉字

Chinese Characters for Beginners

Chinese Characters forBeginners(2)

基础汉语

Chinese for Beginners

More Chinese for Beginners

business Chinese

Intermediate Business Chinese – Onboarding and Marketing

Intermediate Business Chinese – Business Activities

Chinese grammar

Intermediate Chinese Grammar

Core Grammar of Modern Chinese

Chinese Cultural Communication

Recommended reason

Content-rich knowledge base for Chinese-themed learning

course features

This series of courses is a free and open MOOC as a Foreign Language of Peking University for Chinese learner. It consists of six topics: HSK Chinese language learning (from zero to HSK level 6), Chinese character learning, basic Chinese, business Chinese, Chinese grammar, and Chinese and cultural communication. It consists of 17 courses in total, and each topic is designed with corresponding course content and rich exercises according to the students’ language level. It is a valuable free learning resource for students who want to learn Chinese with online Chinese tutor

How to watch

Log in to the official website of Chinese MOOC for free registration and search for the course name as needed.

Click me to visit this URL

Duolingo

Recommended reason

Duolingo is one of the few websites that can make learning Chinese fun. If you are a beginner in Chinese learning, or you are relatively young, he is the most suitable Chinese teacher for you. You can try this way of memorizing vocabulary and answering questions, earning points to unlock new categories and reach new levels.

Feature

This app focuses on vocabulary memory, it divides words by different life themes. If your main goal is to memorize vocabulary, it’s great for you, but if you want to focus on skills like listening and speaking, here are the sites recommended above, and I suggest you download an app or two to complement Duolingo.

Click me to visit this URL

4.Pleco

Recommended reason

Chinese dictionary app, with the slogan of being the best Chinese dictionary in the world, claims that millions of people in (at least) 180 countries use their software to help learn and communicate Chinese.

feature

It is indeed a powerful dictionary application. It is basically the most widely used and well-received Chinese dictionary application. Its basic functions are powerful enough to query and explain words through methods such as Chinese, English, pinyin, handwriting, and glyphs. It is also very rich, providing a large number of related phrase queries, and both simplified and traditional characters are marked, and Chinese characters with similar appearance are also listed. And the website has been updated continuously for ten years, including many dictionaries. Not only for Chinese learners, but also highly recommended for Chinese teachers to learn English

Click me to visit this URL

5.Chineseskill

Recommended reason

A Chinese learning app similar to the Rosetta Stone, with relatively complete courses (but mainly focusing on grammar and vocabulary, but not including pronunciation practice), strong interface affinity, high evaluation in the Apple Store in the United States, and a pass-through mode similar to Duolingo, The app also provides flashcard-style exercises for the characters and words that have been learned. However, some users suggest that the learning content is still relatively basic. This app is still a good online chinese tutor for comprehensive mandarin learning. You can see by looking at the content it contains: 1000+ keywords and phrases, 50+ Chinese/Mandarin conversation topics , 150+ Chinese/Mandarin grammatical structures, more than 200 sentence patterns, the main content covered are Mandarin basics/pinyin, Chinese food, shopping in China, traveling to China (such as Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Suzhou, Kunming), Chinese/mandarin games

feature

Game-Based Learning: Countless mini-games run through the entire learning process, testing your listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills all the time.

Addictive

During the learning process, you can constantly challenge the high score, constantly upgrade the advanced level, and constantly invite your friends to compete. The whole learning process is filled with a sense of achievement and joy.

Efficient:

The learning of each skill and task is divided into small units that you can complete in a shorter period of time. Even if it’s only ten minutes, you can finish a lesson, track your progress, and review the characters, words, and sentences you’ve learned.

Practical

You can record your Chinese pronunciation and compare it with the standard pronunciation.

Click me to visit this URL

6.Zhengyin Miles

A Chinese phonetic learning software. Currently, there are extremely few Chinese phonetic learning applications on the market. Although the above applications basically have pronunciation functions, they are often unable to perform complete phonetic learning. This application is specially designed for the learning of Chinese tones and Chinese pinyin, with complete content and pronunciation explanations, which are suitable for reference learning.

However, although the application can record, it does not have a voice evaluation function (but it seems that there is no Chinese learning software with a voice evaluation function). This app is also excellent as an aid for Chinese beginners to learn Hanyu Pinyin.

Renew：It’s a pity, I don’t know why, this software can’t be seen in the Apple store, Android users can download it at the URL given below

Click me to visit this URL

7.Mock test platform recommendation

Chinese test full simulation diagnostic test system

One of the best ways of reviewing is self-examination. In order to meet the learning and test preparation needs of Chinese learners around the world, HSK International has opened the official online mock test system for free, covering HSK levels 1-6 and YCT levels 1-4. Students can get instant feedback information such as answer analysis and score diagnosis report after handing in the papers, which improves the pertinence of review and preparation.Click on the Chinese Test Full-True Mock Diagnostic Test to view the operation guide for free. Students who want to take exams or test their learning achievements can use this website to improve their Chinese proficiency

Click me to visit this URL

Now you’ve got a great set of resources，

A totally free online Chinese tutor

Nothing can stop you from learning Chinese/mandarin

First of all, we need to understand that reading ability includes the following specific abilities:

Recognition ability

The ability to perceive and recognize basic Chinese words, vocabulary and reading speed are the foundation.

Reading comprehension

The first is the understanding of important words and sentences；the second is the understanding of important content, the third is the structure and expression, and the last is the the author’s view and thought.

Reading evaluation ability

It refers to the ability to judge the ideological content, expression form and style characteristics of reading materials.

So what are the ways to improve Chinese reading ability? we’d like to share some practical methods with you, hoping to help you!

Cultivate Chinese reading interest

Interest is the source of everything, and you should stimulate your interest in Chinese reading from the following three aspects

①. Share your reading experience

The famous Feynman learning method tells us that in the process of learning, it is best to share while learning, which not only allows us to absorb the Chinese we have learned more solidly, but also makes us have a strong desire to read. We can share with friends, relatives, teachers, or through self-media. In short, it is very important to give yourself a sharing environment.

②. Use the power of example to make yourself want to read

Collect some famous quotes in a planned and purposeful way, comment and comprehend them; tell the stories of famous people who read books, make comparisons, stimulate our interest in Chinese reading with the power of example, and naturally form a strong intention to make friends with books. Because throughout the ages, all those who have contributed to mankind are the result of diligent study. For example, Franklin, Mao Zedong, you can read their biographies and feel what kind of learning attitudes and habits the great people have that can inspire us more.

③.Find the right book for you

Everyone’s interests are different, and different ages will have different curiosity and desire. Some people like to watch science and technology, and some like humanities and history. According to these interest points, you can find Chinese reading materials that suit you. The difficulty should not be too high, for it is difficult for people to read an article that cannot be read at all. It can’t be too simple. Knowing every word will not achieve our goal of improving Chinese. Mandarinclass101 has compiled the following book lists for Chinese learners of different levels for your reference

Beginners

《爱是一罐浓浓的蜂蜜》《勇气》 《蚯蚓的日记》 《大卫，不可以》 《逃家小兔》 《是谁恩恩在我的头上》 《犟龟》 《小猪唏哩呼噜》《没头脑和不高兴》《我的第一本安全护照》《牵着蜗牛去散步》《小黑鱼》《石头汤》 《风到哪里去了》 《吃噩梦的小精灵》《我爸爸》 《墙壁里的狼》 《爷爷一定有办法》  《小熊温尼·普》《我的小姐姐克拉拉》 《了不起的狐狸爸爸》《第一次发现》 《格林童话》《安徒生童话》 《我的爸爸叫焦尼》 《罗拉的妹妹配方》 《笨狼的故事》《丁丁历险记》《中国神话故事》《神奇校车》（系列）《蝴蝶·豌豆花》《红鞋子》《兔子坡》《戴小桥和他的哥儿们》《三毛流浪记》

②Have a certain basic knowledge of Chinese

《绿手指》《五毛钱的愿望》《爱上读书的妖怪》《特别的女生撒哈拉》《出事的那一天》《外公是棵樱桃树》《木偶的森林》《爱的故事》《动物大逃亡》《钢琴小精灵》《好心眼巨人》《女巫》《青鸟》《小王子》《外婆》《风之王》《人间有晴天》《纸飞机》《城堡的秘密》《我的妈妈是精灵》《狗来了》《一只狗和他的城市》《山居岁月》《蓝色的海豚岛》《黑珍珠》《海蒂》《彩虹鸽》《小河男孩》《不老泉》《城南旧事》《贝丝丫头》

Advanced Chinese reading

《刘兴诗爷爷讲地理》《深山有远亲》《时代广场的蟋蟀》《草房子》《十二岁的旅程》《纸飞机》《最后一块拼图》《屋顶上的索菲》《人鸦》《蓝鲸的眼泪》《女生贾梅》《草鞋湾》《寻找阿加莎》《阿比琳的夏天》《小荷马的大冒险》《摇着轮椅上北大》《想赢的男孩》《外婆的记忆》《五年级的烦恼》《聊斋志异》《明朝那些事》《吴姐姐讲历史故事》《史记》《海底两万里》《希腊神话故事》《一周一首古诗词》《大卫 科波菲尔》《清朝其实很有趣》《鲁滨逊漂流记》《红岩》《汤姆 索亚历险记》《爱的教育》《昆虫记》《骆驼祥子》《钢铁是怎样炼成的》《红星照耀的中国》《朝花夕拾》《伊索寓言》《繁星》《春水》《水浒传》《三国演义》《红楼梦》《简爱》《巴黎圣母院》《居里夫人传》《第七天》《俗世奇人》《儒林外史》

Intensive reading

Once you find a book that suits you and interest you, you need to use intensive reading to improve your reading ability and reading comprehension.

The so-called intensive reading method refers to the reading method of concentrating on certain key articles, word by word, from shallow to deep. Cheng Duanli said: “Read each sentence word by word, then understand the meaning of a sentence, and then understand the meaning of a paragraph, so as to understand the meaning of the whole article” This is the traditional three-step intensive reading method. It is the most basic means of developing Chinese reading ability. It is best to read, think, and annotate while you are reading, and gradually develop a good habit of reading carefully.

Language learners who can do intensive reading have unconsciously cultivated the Recognition ability

If you can read the exquisite essays for a second time, third time, and even recite them. It can not only improve the Chinese level of Reading comprehension, but also feel the baptism of different degrees in the heart.

I often come up with some classic materials for students to read intensively, which can not only improve the language level, but also improve the mind and purify the soul. Interested students can find the original text:

sān zhǒng dān chún ér qiáng liè de qíng gǎn chōng chì zhe wǒ zhè yī shēng :duì ài de kě wàng ,duì zhī shí de zhuī qiú ,yǐ jí duì rén lèi kǔ nán bú kě è zhì de tóng qíng 。—luó sù 《wǒ wéi hé ér huó 》

三种单纯而强烈的情感充斥着我这一生:对爱的渴望,对知识的追求,以及对人类苦难不可遏制的同情。—罗素《我为何而活》

Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:the longing for love,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. –Russell 《What I have Lived For》

人们经常是不讲道理的、没有逻辑的和以自我为中心的 不管怎样，你要原谅他们 People are often unreasonable, illogical and self-centered; Forgive them anyway.

即使你是友善的，人们可能还是会说你自私和动机不良 不管怎样，你还是要友善 If you are kind, people may accuse you of selfish, ulterior motives; Be kind anyway.

当你功成名就，你会有一些虚假的朋友 和一些真实的敌人 不管怎样，你还是要取得成功 If you are successful, you will win some false friends And some true enemies; Succeed anyway.

即使你是诚实的和率直的，人们可能还是会欺骗你 不管怎样，你还是要诚实和率直 If you are honest and frank, people may cheat you; Be honest and frank anyway.

你多年来营造的东西,有人在一夜之间把它摧毁 不管怎样，你还是要去营造 What you spend years building, Someone could destroy overnight; Build anyway.

如果你找到了平静和幸福，他们可能会嫉妒你 不管怎样，你还是要快乐 If you find serenity and happiness, they may be jealous; Be happy anyway.

你今天做的善事，人们往往明天就会忘记 不管怎样，你还是要做善事 The good you do today, people will often forget tomorrow; Be good anyway.

即使把你最好的东西给了这个世界,也许这些东西永远都不够 不管怎样，把你最好的东西给这个世界 Give the world the best you have, And it may never be enough; Give the world the best you have anyway.    — 特雷莎修女（Blessed Teresa）

Speed ​​reading

Speed ​​reading is to read the material without pronunciation, and quickly observe its outline. This requires that we have the foundation of intensive reading, a certain vocabulary, basic reading ability and reading comprehension ability, and have preliminary reading evaluation ability. Because in the fast browsing, it is necessary to concentrate and make fast information processing and digestion. In ancient China, there was a saying of”ten lines at a glance”,

It can be seen that speed reading ability has been promoted for a long time. Using it, you can get as much information as possible with the least time.

To train speed-reading ability, you can gradually increase the scope of sight-reading, that is, to recognize at least one word at a time, and then recognize a phrase or a sentence. This overall recognition ability can be improved by training.

The training method is:

First:

when practicing,put the reading material as far away as possible，so as to expand the recognition range, read at least one phrase or short sentence at a time, and gradually increase.

Second:

during training, control the time, limit the time to read,

Making the attention more concentrated will naturally expand the recognition range, and after a period of intensive training, there will be obvious effects.

-Whether you are traveling to China, hanging out with Chinese people, or doing foreign trade in China, you need some basic Chinese phrases to help you avoid social embarrassment. Knowing some high-frequency phrases can not only deal with some emergencies, but also make your life more interesting. Even if you just need to travel in China, basic Chinese words can help you avoid some potential misunderstandings . We have listed the most basic Chinese words and phrases that you can use in Chinese life and social situations.

————From the point that the purpose of learning a language: words

If your purpose of learning Chinese is to travel abroad, foreign trade, and business. The importance of Chinese words for beginners is self-evident. Because what you value most at this time is communication. If the vocabulary is not enough, the communication efficiency will be reduced.

If the purpose of learning Chinese is to take the HSK test and get a certificate. Beginners should also focus on the accumulation of vocabulary and sense of language, not grammar.

The reason is very simple: with the accumulation of vocabulary, we can gradually cultivate the sense of language through various methods, and the acquisition and comprehension of grammar will be a matter of course. Conversely, students with good grammar may not necessarily pass the exam, let alone the proficient use of language.

Many Chinese learners think that Chinese grammar is simple, so learn grammar first

I have always thought that Chinese grammar is particularly difficult.  recently, Chatting with some of my Chinese-learning students I find that thouth they think Chinese characters and pronunciation are really difficult, Chinese grammar is very simple for them. Take a close at research on the Internet, there are quite a few people who agree with this view.

The reasons for this feeling vary, and can be divided into the following perspectives:

English, French, Spanish native speakers’ perspective:

Most of the people who think Chinese grammar is simple are beginners who have just started to learn Chinese words and making sentence. What they initially feel is: no need to memorize femenino and masculino, singular and plural, no need to master the verb conjugation table, no need to pay attention to Subject predicate agreement, you don’t even need to figure out the part of speech, there is no tense deformation at all, Under any circumstances, the use of each Chinese word is the same…

But as they learn more, they will gradually realize that it is only a small part of Chinese grammar.

The main reason is that when they say Chinese grammar is simple, it is compared with Chinese word writing and pronunciation. When they were tortured to death by Chinese characters and Pinyin, they found that Chinese words did not need to be deformed,Thank God.

Comparing Chinese grammar with other languages, it is indeed one of its simplicity that words do not need to be inflected. Of course, it also has its complexities, so complicated that the native Chinese cannot understand it.

For example:

Generally speaking, “了” means completion. Such as: “这本书我看了三天”, the book is already finished. But why “这本书我看了三天了”, with two “了” in the sentence, which means that you haven’t finished reading the book?

Spoken Chinese is full of sentences like this:

“星期天不上班”(“who” does not work？)

“我头疼”(Indo-European language generally needs to find out whether it is我疼在头上 or 我的头在疼, in short, the relationship between “我” and “头” should be clear…)

Back to the original question:

Should beginners learn Chinese words or Chinese grammar first?

From the perspective of an experienced language teacher, not letting students feel the difficulty of Chinese is the greatest achievement. Since the logical problems in the grammar are hard to be  understood and take a lot of energy and time,why do beginners choose the hardest path? For beginners , nothing is more important than happy learning method.

Is there a good way to make it easy to understand these grammars, and to ignite their interest in the language and quickly apply it?

Yes, and it was mentioned at the beginning of this article: Start with Chinese words.

Imagine how we learned our mother tongue when we were young? Imitate some simple words and repeat if wrong.

It is not difficult for non-native speakers to create and simulate such a learning environment,

Here is a method suitable for the general public:

1: First learn pinyin (introduced in the article on pinyin learning)

2: Search the movies you are interested in and watch them repeatedly (easy to be interested)

3: Summarize the vocabulary and grammar points in the movie (preferably with a teacher)

4: Find professional textbooks and read them intensively (cultivating depth of study, improving language sense and understanding of grammar)

5: Find extensive reading materials (build breadth of knowledge)

Students who do the above will not only unconsciously increase their Chinese words, but also easily break through difficult grammar. The reason is that they have mastered the most important essence of language skills: language sense. It can even be said that if you have accumulated a certain degree of language sense, you can use the language skillfully even if you neglect the study of grammar. The importance of language sense training will be introduced in a large part later.

If you already know the importance of Chinese words and realize that the way to learn is very simple, then go for it, starting today, starting with Pinyin.

If you have been hit hard by learning Chinese words and pinyin before, it is likely that the method is wrong. We provide a half-hour trial class to help you plan a more reasonable learning method.

Finally, give you a little motivation to learn Chinese words:

it is good for your health. watch the news:

1998-05-06 Source: Guangming Daily Ke Rong

Many students who study in China are very troubled about how to write  a Chinese essay. They come to consult us and hope that we will provide a tutorial to guide them,the following will begin.

How to write a Chinese essay 1

: Topic selection part of Chinese essay

Determine the research direction and topic

How to choose a topic for writing a Chinese essay:

The success of writing a Chinese essay depends on its topic selection, that is, the quality of the topic selection determines the success or failure of the essay，

It is not unreasonable that the right choice of the essay is half the battle，just like when you learn Chinese, if you prefer to learn Pinyin first, it is half the battle. Einstein once said that “it is often more important to ask a problem than to solve a problem, because solving a problem may only be a numerical or experimental problem. skills only.

Asking new questions, new possibilities, looking at old problems from new perspectives requires creativity and imagination, and marks real progress. ”

The same applies to the topic selection of Chinese essay. A good topic selection should not only conform to the objective needs, but also adapt to the theme.

①Title selection instructions

❶Try not to deviate from this major when you prepare your own topic. You must pay more attention to the thesis process and precautions issued by the school and teachers.

❷The topic selection of the Chinese essay is very important, it affects whether you can successfully write the dissertation in the future. If you choose a topic hastily, then you will not be able to write without thinking, and it will take time and energy to change the topic in the mid-term. So be careful !

❸The master leads the door, and the practice is personal. Although there are mentors to guide, but do not rely too much on them. If you haven’t checked or prepared your own information,do not ask your instructor how to do this

②Precautions for topic selection

❶Don’t touch topics that no one has done. For example, go directly to CNKI to search for your proposed topic, and see if there are any literatures with similar topics. Generally, there should be at least 15-20 articles. Otherwise, if you don’t have ideas and inspiration in the later stage, you will have nowhere to learn from.

❷Don’t choose too old topics. Experts and scholars have thoroughly studied them, and it is difficult for a college student to have any innovations.

❸When you roughly determine the topic, you must clarify the outline: (Theoretical analysis → empirical test) What is the theoretical basis? What is the research method? What is the data source?

③The principle of topic selection

Objectively meaningful and realistic:

What question does this essay ask? In what way is it solved?

Make sure your research is valuable and solves real-life problems.

For example: “Innovative Research on College Students’ Moral Education under New Media”, the rapid development of new media has brought people a new virtual way of life, and also brought positive influence and severe challenges to college students on the ideological and moral level. So how to innovate the moral education of college students in the modern situation of informatization and globalization accompanied by new media, and use new media to give college students the best moral education construction is urgent!

The research question of the topic selection is better small:

The topic selection should be moderate and within one’s capacity. The topic selection should be “small”, which means that the topic selection focuses on “small problems” in real life. Such topic selection is easy to manage, highly targeted, and the problem is researched more deeply, avoiding generalities.

“Take the familiar and avoid the living”, choose issues that you are more familiar with and have a certain basis for, and express your views.

Availability of data:

The reference value will be used in a large number of data reports, pay attention to the year (some schools will require it), and the time span should not be too large.

Innovative:

The development and progress of society is inseparable from the innovation of thinking and technology.

Therefore, when choosing a topic, we must ensure innovation, novelty, and uniqueness, that is to say, “literacy is new.”

The  new material, such as the college entrance examination questions, the new test questions in the college entrance examination mock questions, the new issues discussed in the recent magazines; or innovative insights or discussions. In short, it is necessary to consider whether the selected topic area is saturated. You can learn from it, but you cannot copy the research of others.

④ Topic selection method

❶search method – find out the problem

Select the topic of interest (can be a general direction), read the literature, and collect questions.Find out the questions that need to be answered / solved, and choose a more valuable one among the questions. (what problems have been solved in the literature? Please refer to its abstract and conclusion)

❷ key vocabulary (super easy to use)

Open the cqvip website, slide down the page, and find the topic of the essay

Enter the input keyword, click – thesis type and select “graduate essay”.

Click ‘View Domain Keyword Ranking’.

Select subject areas based on majors

View popular/unpopular keywords

Click ‘Next’ and the topic selection will come out!

You can search on CNKI or Wanfang database, enter the professional keywords, and choose the ones you are sure of.

Note: After the topic is set, send it to the tutor as soon as possible. What if the classmates are the same as you? If the paper fails, we also have plenty of time to change it! Moreover, the tutors are very busy and cannot guard you all the time.

Until now,you have a good start of  how to write a good Chinese essay.

How to write a Chinese essay 2

: Writing the text of the Chinese

essay

The main body is the argument part, which is the core part of the

essay

.

The arguments,grounds of argument and demonstration are all elaborated here, so it will occupy the main space.Because the author’s research work involves a great difference in subjects, topics, research objects and methods, work process, results expression, etc., the content to be written in the text cannot be uniformly regulated;However, the general thinking and structural arrangement should meet the common requirement of “putting forward arguments and proving them through arguments”.However, the general train of thought and structural arrangement should meet the common requirement of “putting forward an argument, and demonstrating the argument through evidence”.

The three major elements of the essay are as follows:

(1) Argument. It includes the general argument and the sub argument, and the general point is the theme. The basic requirements for the theme of scientific and technological papers are: correct, novel, profound, distinct and concentrated.

(2) Grounds of argument. That is, materials, including facts, data and things proven to be correct by practice. The requirements for materials are: necessary and sufficient; True and accurate; Typical and novel.

(3)Demonstration. It refers to the reasoning process of proving an argument with arguments. Its function is to persuade readers to believe the correctness of the author’s argument, that is, to convince people with reason.

The specific requirements for the body part are as follows:

(1) The arguments are clear, the arguments are sufficient, and the arguments are reasonable;

(2) Accurate facts, accurate data, accurate calculations, and accurate language;

(3) Rich in content, concise in text, avoiding repetition and tediousness;

(4) It is clear and logical, and the expression form is suitable for the content;

(5) Do not leak secrets, and technically handle the information that needs to be kept secret.

Main text writing points:

(1) Arrange the structure around a center, select materials, and develop arguments.

(2) Reasonable segment. Each paragraph must express one meaning in a concentrated manner; pay attention to the logical connection and connection between the paragraphs, so that the chapter connects the previous and the next, and the front and back should be taken care of;

(3) Flexible use of various specific methods of argumentation: example, citation and analogy, causality and disprove;

(4) More charts can be used in the text to make the content more logical and accurate.