Nazi Propaganda Photo Members of the Manouchian Group, the Armed Anti-fascist Fighters of the FTP-MOI Resistance in Paris, Shortly Before Their Execution by the Fascist Occupiers, Fort Mont-Valérien, Paris 1944
The FTP-MOI was a group largely within the French Communist Party and made up almost entirely of immigrant laborers. They were the most active and most militant of the anti-fascist resistance groups in France. The Manouchian Group was largely made up of Eastern European Jews and also included anti-fascist Italians, anti-nazi Germans, anti-Franco Spaniards (including several veterans of the Spanish Civil War), Armenians and a handful of native French, although most French citizens were in the FTP, not its immigrant brach, the FTP-MOI. 23 members of the group were arrested in November, 1943 and 22 of them were murdered by the nazis at Fort Mont-Valérien in Feb, 1944. Those heroes pictured above, as they awaited their execution, include (l-r): Missak Manouchian (2nd from the left), József Boczorv , Wolf Waisbrot, Szlama Grzywacz, Mojsze Fingercweig and Tamás Elek. The other members of the group murdered that day were: Robert Witchitz, Spartaco Fontanot, Célestino Alfonso, Roger Rouxel, Amédée Usseglio-Polatera, Georges Cloarec, Rino Della Negra, Cesar Lucarini, Antoine Salvadori, Emeric Glasz, Marcel Rajman, Yona Geduldig, Leib Goldberg, Armenak-Arpen Manoukian, Szlomo Szapiro, and Stanislas Kubacki. Golda Olga Bancic, the only woman fighter in the group, was not executed that day, since the French wouldn't allow women to be killed by firing squad. Consequently, she was deported to Germany, where she was executed by beheading.
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