M1andcounting

*cries softly*

And then submitting residency applications.

Not to mention the cost of practice tests, test question banks and transportation.

Excuse me while I go hide in the corner.

Aortic arch derivatives mnemonic images  -HD images here

I made these diagrams guessing these will be helpful ^__^

The greater part of the first and second artery disappear. In adult life first arch artery is represented by the maxillary artery and the second arch persists for some part of fetal life as the stapedial artery. The mnemonic people use for that is, “First is max” & “Second is Stapedial” =)

Mnemonic for third arch artery: “C for Carotid, C the third letter of the alphabet.” The third arch artery gives off a bud that grows cranially to form the external carotid artery. The internal carotid artery is derived from the distal part of the third arch artery and cranial most part of the dorsal aorta. The brachiocephalic trunk is formed by the right horn of the aortic sac.

Mnemonic for fourth arch artery: “fOUR rhymes with AOR for Aorta. fouRS for Right Subclavian.” The ascending aorta is formed from the truncus arteriosus. The arch of aorta is derived from the vental part of the aortic sac, it’s left horn and the left fourth arch artery.

Mnemonic for sixth arch artery: Well, this is lame but the letter 6 looks like lungs to me =D Pulmonary trunk is derived from truncus arteriosus.

Let’s all be this person for someone else 

1. Do you want a copy of my notes?

2. You doing okay?

3. There is this easy mnemonic for that.

4. I can see you doing [insert current favourite specialty here]

For the basic pathology, there is only one textbook I would recommend and it’s Robbin’s & Cotran’s Pathologic Basis of Disease. It’s classics, it does contain things you need to know and it’s understandable. You may also want to combine it with Robbin’s & Cotran’s Atlas of Pathology. 

ANTIBIOTICS CHEAT SHEET :)

Also, REMEMBER!!!!

* Sulfonamides compete for albumin with:

Bilirrubin: given in 2°,3°T, high risk or indirect hyperBb and kernicterus in premies

Warfarin: increases toxicity: bleeding

* Beta-lactamase (penicinillase) Suceptible:

Natural Penicillins (G, V, F, K)

Aminopenicillins (Amoxicillin, Ampicillin)

Antipseudomonal Penicillins (Ticarcillin, Piperacillin)

* Beta-lactamase (penicinillase) Resistant:

Oxacillin, Nafcillin, Dicloxacillin

3°G, 4°G Cephalosporins

Carbapenems 

Monobactams

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

* Penicillins enhanced with:

Clavulanic acid & Sulbactam (both are suicide inhibitors, they inhibit beta-lactamase)

Aminoglycosides (against enterococcus and psedomonas)

* Aminoglycosides enhanced with Aztreonam

* Penicillins: renal clearance EXCEPT Oxacillin & Nafcillin (bile)

* Cephalosporines: renal clearance EXCEPT Cefoperazone & Cefrtriaxone (bile)

* Both inhibited by Probenecid during tubular secretion.

* 2°G Cephalosporines: none cross BBB except Cefuroxime

* 3°G Cephalosporines: all cross BBB except Cefoperazone bc is highly highly lipid soluble, so is protein bound in plasma, therefore it doesn’t cross BBB.

* Cephalosporines are "LAME“ bc they  do not cover this organisms 

L  isteria monocytogenes

A  typicals (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia)

M RSA (except Ceftaroline, 5°G)

E  nterococci

* Disulfiram-like effect: Cefotetan & Cefoperazone (mnemonic)

* Cefoperanzone: all the exceptions!!!

All 3°G cephalosporins cross the BBB except Cefoperazone.

All cephalosporins are renal cleared, except Cefoperazone.

Disulfiram-like effect

* Against Pseudomonas:

3°G Cef taz idime (taz taz taz taz)

4°G Cefepime, Cefpirome (not available in the USA)

Antipseudomonal penicillins

Aminoglycosides (synergy with beta-lactams)

Aztreonam (pseudomonal sepsis)

* Covers MRSA: Ceftaroline (rhymes w/ Caroline, Caroline the 5°G Ceph), Vancomycin, Daptomycin, Linezolid, Tigecycline.

* Covers VRSA: Linezolid, Dalfopristin/Quinupristin

* Aminoglycosides: decrease release of ACh in synapse and act as a Neuromuscular blocker, this is why it enhances effects of muscle relaxants.

* DEMECLOCYCLINE: tetracycline that’s not used as an AB, it is used as tx of SIADH to cause Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (inhibits the V2 receptor in collecting ducts)

* Phototoxicity: Q ue S T  ion?

Q uinolones

Sulfonamides

T etracyclines

* p450 inhibitors: Cloramphenicol, Macrolides (except Azithromycin), Sulfonamides

* Macrolides SE: Motilin stimulation, QT prolongation, reversible deafness, eosinophilia, cholestatic hepatitis

* Bactericidal: beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems), aminoglycosides, fluorquinolones, metronidazole.

* Baceriostatic: tetracyclins, streptogramins, chloramphenicol, lincosamides, oxazolidonones, macrolides, sulfonamides, DHFR inhibitors.

* Pseudomembranous colitis: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Clindamycin, Lincomycin.

*transpeptidases are enzymes produced by bacteria that cross-links peptidoglycan chains to form rigid cell walls

www.mosaiced.org  A great useful platform for medblrs, medstudents and other med professionals that contains tons of resources on almost every medical topic including notes, mcqs, quizzes & mnemonics. I highly recommend it to the professionals, current doctors, doctors in making and aspiring doctors to join it, benefit yourself and contribute your knowledge and experiences that would be mutually beneficial for everyone as a part of this platform’s community