A beautiful reading from the ancient texts.
Everytime i see connor storie whip out his russian it makes me want to get back to work 😭
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@lang-learn
A beautiful reading from the ancient texts.
Everytime i see connor storie whip out his russian it makes me want to get back to work 😭

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On the portrayal of Russians in Heated Rivalry...
So I've been thinking a lot about this, and mostly what comes up for me is gratitude. Gratitude that, for fucking ONCE, a Russian character is a fully realized human being and not a stereotype or pastiche. I cannot describe to you how often I think about that horrible storyline from The West Wing where Bartlett goes, "Where do you people get the nerve?" and the Russian ambassador says, "A long hard vinter, Mister President."
It's so stupid. It's so offensive. It's so xenophobic. And it's not even trying to UNDERSTAND Russia or Russians. Fucking Sorkin. Anyway.
This is...the opposite of that. This is a show (and I can only speak to the show so far, I haven't read the books) that profoundly cares about its portrayal of everyone, and pays attention to details. For the purposes of this post, I will be writing about its handling of Russians and Russia, but it goes beyond that, obviously.
Anyway.
First of all, they hired an accent/dialect coach for the language (the actor who plays Ilya's father (who is, I believe, Ukrainian)) as well as actual Russian-speaking actors, which I always appreciate (usually, with some notable exceptions, Hollywood will hire Polish actors at most, for some reason). Svetlana, the unnamed Russian minister, Alexei, and even the initial Russian hockey team coach in episode 1 are all Russian-speaking, and it shows. (Svetlana's actress has the LIGHTEST accent, but I bet I might at this point, as well, so I can't fault her for it.)
And Connor Storrie has put in the WORK, man. I've said this before, but where I mostly notice people struggling with Russian is the vowels - they're just different. This is where most languages differ, actually (to my ear, at least). And there are certain Russian vowels that are harder than others ("ы" is notoriously difficult for English speakers to pronounce correctly, it's what gives most of them away, actually) and all the vowels, pretty much, sound just a LITTLE different from their English equivalents. And Connor Storrie is pretty fucking impressive, ngl. There's no, like...pretending with him. (And no eyebrow acting like with Scarlett Johannson in the Avengers. Lord give me strength, they didn't even try.) He really embodies the Russian vowels (and even his "ы" is pretty impressive) and therefore the language itself. He isn't perfect - but he makes a monumental effort, which I appreciate SO fucking much.
Attention to detail is also impressive: in the first episode, you hear the Russian coach call out Ilya and pronounce his last name correctly, which isn't done by any of the English-speaking people in the show (it's "Ro-ZA-nov," if you're curious, not "ROH-za-nov" but such is the way). The Russian cursing is pretty good, too, actually (and there's a whole post to be made about Russian cursing, which is its own language and is SO much more harsh and impactful than English cursing could even hope to be) although there was one instance of it where I am not sure it made sense, but whatever, once is fine. (I'm actually curious if Ilya only cursing in English during sex with Shane is a specific choice they made, because he isn't fully comfortable with Shane yet, and so holds himself at arm's length, including during sex, or if they just wanted to have him say "fuck" instead. I hope it's a deliberate choice on their part.)
Outside of language, all the Russian characters feels just as fleshed out as their Canadian counterparts, which is where a lot of my gratitude comes from. Everyone is different, everyone has their own motivations, and nobody is vilified just for being Russian. His brother's an asshole - yep, that happens. His father is a hard-ass and clearly emotionally unavailable, but he is also losing his grip on reality, and Ilya is shown as both frustrated and hurt by his father, as well as worrying about him, because that's his dad. And Ilya himself contains so much depth, and pain, and hurt, and worry, and it's never played as anything other than a fully-embodied character with his own motivations. It's hard to explain, but I cannot tell you how frequently Russians are dehumanized in Western media. It's been the go-to since the Cold War, and it's not exactly gotten better. I've been in America since 1993, I've seen a LOT of this happen throughout the years.
Anyway, if I had a bone to pick, it's that I'm not sure the show-runners quite understand how Russian names work. I just don't know that Ilya would call his brother "Alexei" instead of "Alyosha", even though he's younger and they're not on the best of terms, because it's very rare you call a peer, especially a family member, by their full first name. It's just weird to me. And now I can't remember if Ilya calls Svetlana "Svetlana" to her face, or if he just refers to her as that to Shane, but in his head and between the two of them, he would absolutely call her "Sveta." His brother DID call him "Ilyushka," which I appreciated because that is exactly what an older brother would call a younger one, but that's once. Oh, and the childhood friend is Sasha, which is exactly right - he would not go by "Alexander" with them. We'll see what happens later, I guess, but that's my one tiny problem.
Other than that, this show is a gift in SO MANY WAYS, but this is the main one for me, personally. The relief of it is incredible. Thank you, Jacob Tierney, I owe you my LIFE
Oh, and PS: when Ilya wins the Cup, he yells "This is for you, mom!" which they didn't translate. Now you know.
Daily Spanish Vocabulary
el umbral = threshold
el hito = milestone
la meta = a goal (personal goal; not sports)
enhorabuena = congratulations [also common - felicitaciones which is fine and used more in Spain; Latin America also uses felicidades; all make sense, it's the difference between "congratulations" and "well wishes / happiness"]
aniquilar = to annihilate
rendir = to give, to yield [as in dar fruto "to bear fruit", which can be rendir fruto - in the literal sense and the euphemism] rendirse = to surrender, to give up, to yield
tibio/a = lukewarm, tepid
la hogaza = loaf of bread
saltar = to jump
el apogeo = zenith, highest point, apex / apogee
quemar = to burn
lamer = to lick
la campana = bell
estrecho/a = narrow, not wide / "stringent", "strict" el estrecho = strait
la cámara = camera / chamber [la cámara can be an older term for "room", though it's "chamber"; this is related to the etymology of "camera"... but the important thing here is that it's where you get the term camarero/a which can be "waiter" or "chamberlain", or the "maid" aka the person who cleans rooms in a hotel... and in any kind of government setting will refer to different governing "chambers"... as in "bicameral" meaning "two chambers" like a House/Senate etc.]
el hipo = hiccup quitar el hipo = "to take one's breath away"
el tiburón = shark
el ocio = leisure, free time
saber = to know (facts) saber a (algo) = to taste (like something) saber a coco = to taste like coconut saber a sésamo = to taste like sesame saber a grasa = to taste like grease
tirar = to throw, to toss / to shoot
la herramienta = tool
la sierra = saw / mountain range
el ataúd = coffin, casket
el pasto = grass / pasture [sometimes you'll see el césped for "grass/lawn" as well, though sometimes el pasto is the term used for "grass" that animals eat since it's related to "pasture" and pastor/pastora is "shepherd" or "herder"]
tomar = to take tomar = "to ingest" [can be food but it's usually used with liquids or medicine, kind of like beber but more casual - with drinks it's often understood as "to have" where it might imply relaxation or with medicine just "to take" in the usual sense] tomar agua = to drink water tomar(se) un té/café = to have (a cup of) tea/coffee tomar medicina = to take medicine tomar (el) aire = "to get some air", "to get some fresh air" [usually used in the sense of going outside to relax or calm down; sometimes translated as "to catch one's breath" or "to cool down" but this is specifically used where people leave a situation or go outside to "get some fresh air"] tomar(se) un respiro = to take a break, "to take a breather" [lit. "to take a breath"] tomar el sol = to sunbathe [lit. "to take in the sun"; sometimes it's also "to bask in the sun"]
respirar = to breathe
aspirar = to inhale, to breathe in / to aspire [in some countries aspirar is another way to say pasar la aspiradora which is "to vacuum"... literally la aspiradora is "something that inhales" but it's a vacuum cleaner]
la hazaña = feat, deed
el liderazgo = leadership
el hallazgo = a discovery, a find
el tenedor = fork
la cuchara = spoon
el cuchillo = knife
llorar = to cry / to mourn (someone)
lloriquear = to whine, to snivel
la naranja = orange (fruit) naranja / anaranjado/a = orange, orangey (color) el naranjo = orange tree
el azahar = orange blossom
anegar = to flood anegar(se) = to drown, to be flooded
ahogar(se) = to drown
barrer = to sweep (away)
la escoria = scum, filth
funcionar = to work (machines, concepts, ideas, ways of doing things etc. - anything that's physical labor is usually going to be trabajar)
el declive = decline, deterioration
la falda = skirt
el capricho = whim / whimsy
la sirena = siren (alarm) / siren (mythology), mermaid
encogerse de hombros = to shrug, to shrug one's shoulders
la corte = court (legal, or sports) el corte = a cut
ningunear = to give someone the cold shoulder, to ignore [lit. "to treat someone as nothing/no one"]
el amanecer = daybreak, dawn amanecer = "to wake up", "to first wake up" [used kind of like "to start the day" - it isn't exactly despertarse "to wake up" but people do use it that way especially in questions like ¿cómo amaneciste? "how was your morning?" or "how did you sleep?"]
la escama = scale (reptile or fish etc)
el martillo = hammer [also el mazo which is "mallet"]
la cera = wax
el/la soldado = soldier
la venta = sale
el ocaso = sunset / "the end", "a decline"
el sueño = dream / sleepiness, drowsiness tener sueño = to be sleepy, to be tired
la yema = yolk, egg yolk
el augurio = omen, portent, "sign" buen augurio = "a good omen", "a good sign" mal augurio = "an ill omen", "a bad sign"
la corazonada = a hunch, a gut feeling
oscuro/a = dark
claro/a = light [both in terms of "not dark", and also "light in color"] claro/a = sure, certain claro = "of course", "certainly" la clara = egg white [la clara is also sometimes the term for a pale beer, or a special drink called a "shandy" which is beer mixed with lemonade]
el destino = destiny, fate el sino = destiny, fate [totally interchangeable - el sino is occasionally used for added flair since el destino is really common]
el destinatario, la destinataria = recipient [used in the sense of "who you're sending something to", or if someone is asking who something is "addressed to" that's destinatario/a]
el roble = oak (sano/a) como un roble = "healthy as an ox", "fit as a fiddle"
rezumar = to ooze, to seep [lit. it's related to "juices" so it's like juice is overflowing or seeping out]
curtido/a = veteran, "seasoned veteran" / leathery [lit. curtir is "to tan leather" or treating leather, or sometimes it means "weather-beaten" skin... you will sometimes see curtido/a when referring to a person as "someone with experience" or "veteran", the idea being the same that their skin is no longer soft because they've gotten used to the elements essentially]
encurtir = to pickle (los) curtidos / (los) encurtidos = pickled things [kind of the same etymology as curtir; you will see things like pepinillos encurtidos "pickles / pickled cucumbers", or sometimes encurtido or curtido comes up as curtido de repollo/col "cole slaw"]
picante = spicy [some countries say picoso/a]
agrio/a = bitter/sour
amargo/a = bitter
dulce = sweet el dulce, los dulces = sweets / candy
agridulce = bittersweet
i haven't seen anyone talk about it before, but there's a site called 21st Century Chinese Poetry that has a massive collection of contemporary chinese poetry, including english translations thereof, for anyone who, like me, is interested in poetry but may feel a bit intimidated by the more literary nature of classical poetry. currently, they have poetry from between 2000-2021, and i, personally, have rather enjoyed poking around the site.
my Mandarin teacher has been giving us tongue twisters recently to help our pronunciation so I thought I'd share them:
first the classic:
四是四,十是十, 十四是十四, 四十是四十, 他们不是四十四 (sì shì sì , shí shì shí, shí sì shì shí sì, sì shí shì sì shí, tā men bùshì sì shí sì) four is four, ten is ten, fourteen is fourteen, forty is forty, they are not forty-four
and then these two specifically focused on nasal finals:
青青山上一根藤, 青藤底下挂铜铃, 风吹藤动铜铃动, 风停藤停铜铃停 (qīngqīng shān shàng yì gēn téng, qīng téng dǐ xià guà tóng líng, fēng chuī téng dòng tóng líng dòng, fēng tíng téng tíng tóng líng tíng) On a green mountain there is a vine, Under the green vine hang copper bells. The wind blows, the vine moves, the copper bells move. The wind stops, the vine stops, the copper bells stop.
扁担长,板凳宽, 扁担要绑在板凳上, 板凳不让扁担绑在板凳上, 扁担偏要绑在板凳上。 (biǎn dan cháng, bǎn dèng kuān, biǎn dan yào bǎng zài bǎn dèng shàng, bǎn dèng bú ràng biǎn dan bǎng zài bǎn dèng shàng, biǎn dan piān yào bǎng zài bǎn dèng shàng) The bamboo pole is long, and the wooden bench is wide, The bamboo pole wants to be tied to the wooden bench, The wooden bench doesn't let the bamboo pole be tied to it, But the bamboo pole insists on being tied to the wooden bench

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Anyway, on fera jamais mieux que ce graphique du LA Times.
one of the biggest things I can advocate for (in academia, but also just in life) is to build credibility with yourself. It’s easy to fall into the habit of thinking of yourself as someone who does things last minute or who struggles to start tasks. people will tell you that you just need to build different habits, but I know for me at least the idea of ‘habit’ is sort of abstract and dehumanizing. Credibility is more like ‘I’ve done this before, so I know I can do it, and more importantly I trust myself to do it’. you set an assignment goal for the day and you meet it, and then you feel stronger setting one the next day. You establish a relationship with yourself that’s built on confidence and trust. That in turn starts to erode the barrier of insecurity and perfectionism and makes it easier to start and finish tasks. reframing the narrative as a process of building credibility makes it easier to celebrate each step and recognize how strong your relationship with yourself can become
Hey did you know I keep a google drive folder with linguistics and language books that I try to update regularly
UPDATE because apparently not everyone has seen this yet the new and improved version of this is a MEGA folder
I know there’s so many more urgent things but if you like this resource you may consider buying me a ko-fi to keep this project alive
how to stay motivated long-term
trust, me i know that long-term motivation and consistency is hard. long-term motivation might be difficult to maintain, but there are effective techniques to help you stay focused and determined. whether you're seeking personal ambitions, academic achievements, or professional success, here are some strategies to help encourage motivation:
understand the reason behind your goal ☆ does your goal contribute to personal growth or meaningful relationships? ☆ how does your goal impact others? ☆ is your goal meaningful to you? if your goal lacks meaning, it may be hard to maintain motivation.
positive and negative motivation motivation can come from different places ☆ positive motivation: the desire to experience pleasure ☆ negative motivation: the desire to avoid something (an outcome) both types of motivation have their place, so learn to recognise what type fits in where. (post on this coming soon)
set up systems use your initial motivation to set up structures: ☆ create routines, systems and habits that help you towards your goal even when your motivation fluctuates ☆ when your emotions wane, rely on these systems and disciplines to maintain momentum
break down goals ☆ tackle one goal at a time to avoid feeling overwhelmed ☆ set achievable milestones and celebrate each step forward ☆ keep the momentum going by focusing on manageable tasks
validate good work ☆ give yourself a little reward, or thank yourself, for completing hard tasks ☆ this reinforces motivation and encourages effort
remember--motivation isn't in a constant state, it ebbs and flows. these small tips will help to stay motivated. i'm going to provide more information in upcoming posts, and i will link them here once they are published.
luck on your journey ❤️
“there’s this saying, about journeys and steps.”

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Hi Karen. My name is Michael. I travel often and I love it. I have often tried to learn different languages. I find it extremely difficult to get past a little basic conversational opening and closing statements. Please help.
Hello, Michael!
You say you travel often, so I'm assuming your reason for learning languages is to make your travels more engaging. I'd say the first step in language learning is to figure out your why. Why do you want to learn it? When you are tired or feeling like doing something else, what will motivate you to pick up your notebook or listen to a song in your target language?
You didn't specify in your ask, but is English your first language or have you learned another ones? If not, how do you normally learn things? Are you a visual learner? Kinesthetic learner? Do you remember things after hearing them?
Your understanding of your interest in the language and how you normally learn things will allow you to find the method that bests works for you.
For example, I am studying Latin and Ancient Green to read classical texts, so I have to be mainly focused in the grammatical structures and forms. However, I am also studying Croatian so I can communicate with my Croatian friend, so my first approach to the language will be peppered with vocabulary lists, an introduction to the alphabet and pronunciation and some common words, but most of it will be through immersion: books, YouTube videos, podcasts, talking with natives.
It wasn't very clear if you couldn't get past a basic conversational level because of motivation, because you started learning a new language or because you didn't know how to approach it. I'll talk about those three assumptions here:
1. I wouldn't say that motivation or "your why" is enough. You have to build a routine that won't let you think about your choices, won't let you talk yourself out of them.
If you keep a diary, make it obligatory for you to write a short diary entry in the language ("Today I ate cake. It was good. I went to the post office") which will allow you to learn verbs and how to conjugate them in common forms.
Or listen to a song in your target language while getting ready in the morning.
If your relaxing time is watching YouTube (like me), make it a rule that for every three videos, you have to watch a video in your target language.
2. If you start learning a language and then quickly abandon it, I would ask you to be realistic. If we take your traveling as your main reason for learning languages, ask yourself what language will bring you the most joy and start learning that one (if you're traveling to a Spanish-speaking country in two months, that easily gives you time to reach A2 and to be more in depth with your conversations). I understand the hurry to learn all languages at once (which can definitely be done) but the progress will be so much slower. When you get to a level to the first language in which you can comfortably consume authentic material, start studying another one with aid of that language!
3. How to approach it? We have come full circle. Do an online quiz and find out how to best study something according to your prefer study method (visual, auditory, manual, or a combination). Language learning requires attention in four fronts: active (speaking, writing) and passive (listening, reading). You'll need to focus more on the active ones because your main focus is to keep a conversation.
Within the week I'll share a method that works for me, and maybe I'll do a post about auditory, kinesthetic and visual learners.
Learning languages doesn't have to be boring or hard, but that does mean it won't take work. It is an incredibly rewarding experience, however. I wish you the best of luck, don't give up! Tell me if I can do anything else for you.
Hello! My name is Karen, I’m a Mexican Hispanic Literature student and this is my language blog! Here you’ll find resources, vocabulary lists, grammar explanations and general language / study talk! Here’s a masterpost of all my posts and asks organized by language.
I’m also a Spanish tutor and I revise and edit texts
These are the languages I’m currently studying and my level:
Spanish (native level)
English (fluent)
French (B1)
Náhuatl (B1)
Ancient Greek (A2)
Latin (A2)
Other places to find me! Instagram YouTube
Feel free to ask me anything, I’ll be happy to help!
Note: A few people have asked me to provide a donation link to compensate me for the time I spend making content, answering asks and running this blog. I want to emphasize that this is in no way mandatory if you want me to help you or answer a question. I will appreciate it as I am not formally employed and a student but please don’t feel obligated! Here’s my PayPal and my Ko-Fi
Ok, but a funny aspect about speaking multiple languages is when you always have to have at least four online dictionaries open at the same time when you write a longer text because you know just the right phrase you wanna use but everytime it's in another language and also your brain blacks out and you forget what "gracias" means in english and oh, the phrase you wanna use now? It's perfect but there is no equivalent in the language you are writing in so you spend the next ten minutes on five different thesaurus sites in three different languages looking for an expression that is not even that relevant to what you're writing, oops, now you are looking for a word in a dictionary but you can't find it because it's the wrong language and you didn't even notice and now everything is burning.
Bonus points if the language you are writing in is actually your native language.
1 Month 1 Language
1 Month Kanji Challenge
14 Day Langblr Challenge
30 Day Langblr Challenge
34 Hour Langblr Challenge
55 Days of Vocabulary Challenge
90 Day Vocab Challenge
100 Days Challenge For Langblrs
100 Hour 40 Day Language Challenge
A Question A Day Challenge
Build Your Vocab Challenge
Composition Challenge
Fiction Writing Challenge
Langblr Accent Tag
Langblr Culture Challenge
Langblr Music Challenge
Langblr Vocab List Challenge
Langblr Diary Challenge
Langblr News Challenge
Original Langblr Content Challenge
Linguistic Diversity Challenge
Indigenous Language Awareness Challenge
Vocabulary Challenge
SpeakingIn20 Langblr Challenge
A Book In Target Language Challenge
Brick-By-Brick Language Learning Challenge
Review Challenge
Subtitles Challenge
Summer Language Challenge
Translating Challenge
Challenges for certain months:
February Polyglot Challenge
March Polyglot Challenge
April Polyglot Challenge
May Polyglot Challenge
May Polyglot Challenge
August Polyglot Challenge
September Polyglot Challenge
September: 30 Day Langblr Resource Photo Challenge
October Polyglot Challenge
November Polyglot Challenge
December Polyglot Challenge
December Polyglot Challenge
10 Polyglot Things to Do This September
10 Polyglot Things to Do This October
Langblr NaNoWriMo
i think i might try the monthly challenges. some of them sound quite fun.
The checklist you need
The summer holidays are over, autumn is just around the corner and the new semester is here faster than you would have expected
What now?
Here are my tips to start the new year in an organised way!
Basic requirements
Of course, it's always helpful to start with a tidy and organised workspace, so if you still have papers lying around on your desk from last year and you haven't cleaned them out yet, you should definitely do so
It's also a good idea to create a study corner where you feel comfortable and safe. Whether your desk is in the basement or you only have a tiny little corner to yourself, try to design it the way you like it and experiment with some decorations and different lights to create a nice atmosphere
Although I'm a big advocate of minimalism, there are still one or two things that you should buy
Materials
Even if you work on the computer most of the time, it is still good to get a notebook to take notes (I prefer to write down my notes by hand and not on the laptop)
To avoid a mess of notes, a folder is essential. I can't stress this enough, GET A FOLDER AND FILE YOUR NOTES/DOCUMENTS
Get nice pens that you can write well with to get the nicest handwriting possible (my handwriting is terrible so I use fountain pens). Of course you also need different markers to highlight the most important things
Get a planner or bullet journal to write down all your important appointments and have everything at a glance
Think of 2-3 meals or snacks that are quick to prepare and whose ingredients you usually have at home to keep you well-fed while studying. Regular meals are important to keep your body and brain working well
Same with hydration, you need to drink regularly and keep yourself hydrated to function properly. So buy your favourite tea/coffee, a cute cup to make it more appealing and your brain will be happy
Are you someone who listens to music whilst studying? Yes? And you don't have your own playlist yet? I think you know what to do in this case
The important questions and answers
In order to be up to date and always well informed, it definitely makes sense to write down a plan at the beginning of each year. The questions are embarrassingly easy but of great importance. This plan really saved my ass, so I can only recommend it to everyone
1. What year/semester am I currently in?
2. When does the semester start and end?
3. How many subjects do I have this year and which lecturer is responsible for which subject?
4. Are there subjects that are more important than others?
5. What do your exams look like in the respective subjects? Are there oral exams, written exams, project work or essays?
6. When will the exams be written/when are the deadlines? Write down each date of each exam/deadline
7. Which topics are covered by which lecturers?
8. What do I know about my lecturers? Are the questions asked easy or difficult to answer? Does he stick to the script or does he expect his students to read into the subject on their own? Does he ask open questions or single choice questions?
9. Are there any special features this year, such as an internship or an excursion or practical lessons?
10. Are there any places nearby (libraries, parks, cafés) where I can study? If not, then you should look around a bit and I'm sure you'll find something quickly
11. Is there anyone besides my lecturer that I can ask for advice? (Maybe other fellow students or students from higher semesters)
12. Facts on the table. How were my performances in the past and where do I want to go this semester? What are my goals and what possible mistakes have I made? Actually write down possible mistakes to visualise them
13. Who can I turn to when I am feeling bad, who is my reference person or is there perhaps a counselling teacher, a psychologist or a safe place to ground myself?
14. Last but not least, remember why you decided to start this study and what motivates you to persevere. Why do I want to do it so badly?
Once you have written this plan, keep it in a place where you can find it easily. Since I started answering these questions over and over again, I have become much more organised and confident in my studies. Of course, these are just the very basics. Feel free to add your own questions or materials, but once these things are checked off, a good start to the new year is definitely assured
Currently listening to: Asking Alexandria - Alone Again 🎶

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spanish vocab - cooking methods
ahumar - to smoke
asar - to roast, to grill
blanquear - to blanch
brasear - to braise
cocer - to cook
cocinar - to cook
cocinar a la plancha - to grill
cocinar al vapor - to steam
deshidratar - to dehydrate
dorar - to brown
estofar - to stew
freír, fritar - to fry
guisar - to stew
hervir - to boil
hornear - to bake
pochar - to poach
rostizar - to roast
saltear - to sauté
sofreír - to sauté
tostar - to toast
making this list was interesting since sometimes a simple translation doesn't suffice or there's regional difference. here is some added nuance to some of the terms:
freír vs fritar: this one is just a regional difference. fritar, according to la rae, is used in bolivia, colombia & uruguay
saltear vs. sofreír: sofreír is what you do at the beginning with ingredients like onions and garlic on lower heat to make a sofrito which serves as a base. whereas saltear is more general, you stirfry vegetables
cocinar vs. cocer: in many cases interchangable, but an important difference is that cocinar refers to the general process of cooking (today we are going to cook spaghetti with meatballs = cocinar) whereas cocer refers to the act of cooking something to make it not raw. that said, the opposite of crudo 'raw' is cocido 'cooked'
estofar vs. guisar: an estofado is a guiso but a guiso isn't necessarily an estofado: both are stewing, but estofar is to cook something in its own juices while guisar adds liquid.
asar vs. rostizar: rostizar is just an mexican/central american to asar, but it seems the cooking method is the same
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