Fred Ho, a composer, saxophonist, writer and radical activist who wrote politically charged operas, suites, oratorios and ballets that mixed jazz with popular and traditional elements of what he called Afro-Asian culture, died on Saturday at his home in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. He was 56.
The cause was complications of colorectal cancer, his student and friend Benjamin Barson said. In books, essays, speeches and interviews, Mr. Ho said he had been at war with the disease, his preferred metaphor, since 2006.
Mr. Ho, who was of Chinese descent, called himself a âpopular avant-gardist.â He was inspired by the Black Arts movement of the 1960s and by the ambitious, powerful music of African-American bandleaders, including Duke Ellington, John Coltrane, Sun Ra and especially Charles Mingus. But he rejected the word jazz, which he considered a pejorative term imposed by Europeans.
Self-reliance was a priority for Mr. Ho. He rarely played in anyone elseâs band. Among the exceptions were stints with the arranger Gil Evans and the saxophonists Archie Shepp and Julius Hemphill. Describing himself as a ârevolutionary matriarchal socialist and aspiring Luddite,â he never owned a car and made many of his own clothes from kimono fabric.
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Fred Ho in 2013. CreditJoshua Bright for The New York Times
Despite his determination to stand outside the mainstream, he found support from grant-giving organizations, academic music departments, which hired him as artist in residence, and nonprofit arts institutions, including, in New York City, the Public Theater, the Kitchen and the Brooklyn Academy of Music.
Born Fred Wei-han Houn on Aug. 10, 1957, in Palo Alto, Calif. â he changed his surname in 1988 â he moved with his family when he was 6 to Amherst, Mass., where his father taught political science at the University of Massachusetts. He felt a powerful attraction to the art and rhetoric of black culture. As a teenager, he audited college classes taught by Mr. Shepp, the drummer Max Roach and the poet Sonia Sanchez, who were all putting progressive politics in their art. He never formally studied music, but began teaching himself baritone saxophone when he was 14.
In interviews, Mr. Ho recalled that his father physically abused his mother. âOne of my first insurrections,â he told Harvard Magazine, âwas to defend my mother against his physical beatings and give him two black eyes.â
He joined the Marines in 1973 and learned hand-to-hand combat before being discharged in 1975 because, he said, he had fought with an officer who had used a racial slur. In his 20s, Mr. Ho briefly joined the Nation of Islam and then the I Wor Kuen, a radical Asian-American group inspired by the Black Panthers. Like his two younger sisters, Florence Houn and Flora Houn Hoffman, he attended Harvard University, graduating with a bachelorâs degree in sociology in 1979.
His sisters and his mother, Frances Lu Houn, survive him.
Mr. Ho moved to New York in the early 1980s to pursue a career as a musician. He formed the Afro Asian Music Ensemble and became associated with other Asian-American musicians working on a newly emergent hybrid conception of jazz. They included the pianist Jon Jang and the saxophonist Francis Wong. His first records, âTomorrow Is Now!â and âWe Refuse to Be Used and Abused,â were released by the Italian jazz label Soul Note.
In 1989, Mr. Ho had his first work performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, the bilingual opera âA Chinamanâs Chance.â He then created two ballet operas based on the Chinese novel âMonkey,â by Wu Châeng-en, âJourney to the Westâ (1990) and âJourney Beyond the West: The New Adventures of Monkey.â Both used Mandarin Chinese in their librettos, and both reimagined Monkey, a trickster figure, as a political agitator, upsetting the power structures of the gods. Mr. Ho called them âliving comic books.â
Other ambitious works, many of which were recorded, were on the subjects of Chinese folklore, physical combat, domestic abuse, the black power movement and revolutionary feminism â and sometimes all of those subjects together, as in the opera âWarrior Sisters: The New Adventures of African and Asian Womyn Warriorsâ (1991), written with the librettist Ann T. Greene.
That work imagined a meeting of Fa Mu Lan, the Chinese fighter who was the subject of a sixth-century folk ballad; Yaa Asantewaa, who in 1900, in what is now Ghana, led the Ashanti rebellion against British colonialism; Sieh King King, a young Chinese-American woman who agitated for womenâs rights in early-20th-century San Francisco; and Assata Shakur, the Black Liberation Army activist.
After learning in 2006 that he had colorectal cancer, Mr. Ho documented his fight against the illness in a book, âDiary of a Radical Cancer Warrior: Fighting Cancer and Capitalism at the Cellular Level,â followed by another, more prescriptive one, âRaw Extreme Manifesto: Change Your Body, Change Your Mind and Change the World by Spending Almost Nothing!â He wrote about his treatment in a blog, naming the doctors he mistrusted, thanking his friends and theorizing about his illness.
In âFutureâs End,â a lecture from 2010 that he published at the site of the artistsâ collective Commoning, he wrote that the cause of cancer is âcapitalist industrialismâ and âsocial toxicity,â and praised Luddism, his philosophical passion, as the only alternative: âThe opposition to technology (any of it) that is harmful to people or to the planet.â
Even in his final years, as Mr. Ho underwent multiple operations, he was still working: on âDeadly She-Wolf Assassin at Armageddon!,â a choreographed martial-arts opera based on the 1970s manga comics of Kazuo Koike, performed for two weeks at La MaMa in May and June 2013, and on âThe Sweet Science Suite,â for a 20-piece band and dancers. Dedicated to Muhammad Ali, it had its stage premiere at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in October 2013.
