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German school, An Open book, early 16th century

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The Trees by Philip Larkin
The trees are coming into leaf
Like something almost being said;
The recent buds relax and spread,
Their greenness is a kind of grief.
Is it that they are born again
And we grow old? No, they die too,
Their yearly trick of looking new
Is written down in rings of grain.
Yet still the unresting castles thresh
In fullgrown thickness every May.
Last year is dead, they seem to say,
Begin afresh, afresh, afresh.
MariĂĄtegui, lo explicĂł lĂșcidamente Alberto Flores Galindo, tuvo que imaginar el proyecto socialista en un paĂs con una poblaciĂłn mayoritariamente indĂgena y campesina. ObservĂł el Amauta, a partir de estudios como el de Hildebrando Castro Pozo, que en las comunidades andinas se recreaba un colectivismo que podĂa convertirse en la base de la futura sociedad socialista. Estos âelementos de socialismo prĂĄcticoâ, asĂ como las revueltas campesinas del sur andino, particularmente en Puno y Cusco, le permitieron plantear la posibilidad de convertir a los indios, dada la incipiente industria y lo poco numeroso del proletariado, en âsujetos revolucionariosâ, en los protagonistas de la revoluciĂłn socialista. En el âInforme de las razasâ, señala MariĂĄtegui que si bien la consciencia revolucionaria indĂgena podĂa tardar en surgir, âuna vez que el indio haya hecho suya la idea socialista, la servirĂĄ con una disciplina, una tenacidad y una fuerza, en la que pocos proletarios de otros medios podrĂan aventajarlosâ. Si ValcĂĄrcel colocĂł al indio como productor de cultura, MariĂĄtegui lo elevĂł a actor revolucionario y sujeto clave en la construcciĂłn del socialismo peruano. Si ValcĂĄrcel cancelĂł la idea liberal del indio inculto al que habĂa que emancipar mediante la educaciĂłn, MariĂĄtegui reemplazĂł la idea liberal de la naciĂłn como una comunidad de derechos civiles y polĂticos por una naciĂłn basada en la igualdad socioeconĂłmica.
La repĂșblica imaginada. Representaciones culturales y recursos polĂticos en la Ă©poca de independencia. Rolando Rojas.
Por cierto, las denuncias sobre los abusos a que eran sometidos los indios fueron tambiĂ©n difundidas en la prensa y debatidas por la opiniĂłn pĂșblica. Debemos a la Sociedad Amiga de los Indios (1867-1871) la publicaciĂłn de numerosos informes, noticias y cartas sobre la situaciĂłn de los indios de HuancanĂ© a propĂłsito de la rebeliĂłn de las comunidades contra la restauraciĂłn del tributo. En estas publicaciones la Sociedad presentĂł uno de los cuadros mĂĄs completos del despojo de tierras y de los trabajos gratuitos que realizaban los indios para los terratenientes y las autoridades locales. Los miembros de la Sociedad, entre quienes figuraban militares, prefectos, periodistas, intelectuales y polĂticos, desarrollaron una intensa campaña de defensa del derecho a la propiedad y de la libertad de trabajo a favor de los indios. Para la Sociedad, el Estado debĂa intervenir con el fin de garantizar los derechos constitucionales de los indios. No obstante, la percepciĂłn de la Sociedad sobre la cultura indĂgena no se libraba de los prejuicios de la Ă©poca. En efecto, la vida social de las comunidades se presenta dominada por las fiestas, el licor y la coca, aspectos que debĂan eliminarse para reorientar a los indios hacia la educaciĂłn y el ahorro. Asimismo, la Sociedad percibiĂł el quechua como un obstĂĄculo para el aprendizaje de sus derechos y su integraciĂłn a la vida nacional. El mensaje que dio fue de asimilaciĂłn cultural segĂșn los patrones de la cultura urbana-occidental. En la âCarta abierta a los indiosâ la Sociedad proclamaba:
Que siendo el castellano la lengua oficial de la repĂșblica, debĂ©is procurar instruiros e instruir en ella a vuestros hijos, para que puedan leer y saber las leyes, escribir, estudiar las artes y las ciencias cultivando asĂ su espĂritu y preparĂĄndose a ser maestros de escuelas, curas, artesanos, alcaldes, gobernadores, subprefectos, profesores, diputados y en fin ejercer los mĂĄs altos cargos de la repĂșblica, para lo que tenĂ©is tanto derecho como cualquier blanco o mestizo; todo lo que conseguirĂ©is enviando a vuestros hijos a las escuelas.
En todo caso, la âmanera criolla-liberalâ de pensar la âcuestiĂłn indĂgenaâ empezĂł a cambiar luego de la Guerra del PacĂfico. Los historiadores todavĂa no hemos ponderado las consecuencias que tuvo la derrota ante Chile en la esfera de la cultura. Para empezar, se desplomĂł la imagen que las Ă©lites tenĂan de sĂ mismas y del paĂs. La ocupaciĂłn de Lima expuso la endeblez de la sociedad peruana y la necesidad de construir una naciĂłn vigorosa. Em consecuencia, se produjo un âgiro nacionalistaâ en el que desempeñó un papel clave Manuel GonzĂĄlez Prada, quien replanteĂł la forma de pensar lo indĂgena en dos sentidos. Por un lado, señalĂł que el problema del indio âmĂĄs que pedagĂłgica, es econĂłmica, es socialâ. Con ello se referĂa a la cuestiĂłn de la tierra y de empoderar a los indios ante el avance de los latifundios. MĂĄs adelante, el indigenismo, y particularmente MariĂĄtegui, desarrollarĂĄ esta idea planteando una reforma agraria. De otro lado, GonzĂĄlez Prada señalĂł que: âNo forman el verdadero PerĂș las agrupaciones de criollos y extranjeros que habitan la faja de tierra situada entre el PacĂfico y los Andes; la naciĂłn estĂĄ formada por las muchedumbres de indios diseminadas por la banda oriental de la cordilleraâ. GonzĂĄlez Prada no llegĂł a formular explĂcitamente que el indio era capaz de producir cultura y que esta era parte de la nacionalidad, pero al colocar al indio como centro de la nacionalidad, abriĂł esa posibilidad y marcĂł un drĂĄstico cambio en la reflexiĂłn sobre lo indĂgena. De hecho, tanto el indigenismo de Luis E. ValcĂĄrcel como el âsocialismo indigenistaâ de MariĂĄtegui, que sentaron las bases de un nuevo enfoque sobre lo indĂgena para el siglo XX, se reivindicaron como herederos de GonzĂĄlez Prada.
Le correspondiĂł a ValcĂĄrcel elevar lo indĂgena a la cultura nacional. Desde sus iniciales investigaciones histĂłricas, Del ayllu al imperio (1916) y De la vida incaica (1925), ValcĂĄrcel fue instalando en el imaginario nacional la idea de una civilizaciĂłn andina, a la que le otorgĂł una categorĂa âsuperiorâ en oposiciĂłn a la idea de la âdecadencia de Occidenteâ que obsesionaba a la intelectualidad de la posguerra. En Tempestad en los Andes (1927), propone la imagen de una revoluciĂłn indĂgena, de un cataclismo social que descendiendo de la sierra refundarĂa el PerĂș sobre bases autĂłctonas. Dice ValcĂĄrcel: âDe los Andes irradiarĂĄ otra vez la culturaâ; sentencia que: âDe los Andes tienen que nacer, como nacen los rĂos, las corrientes de renovaciĂłn que transformen al PerĂșâ. A diferencia de GonzĂĄlez Prada, ValcĂĄrcel es parte de una generaciĂłn que viviĂł el llamado âresurgimiento andinoâ: los hallazgos arqueolĂłgicos de Julio C. Tello, el âdescubrimientoâ y difusiĂłn de Machu Picchu por Hiram Bingham, el ascenso del arte indigenista de Sabogal, la recolecciĂłn y difusiĂłn de tradiciones orales y del arte popular andino, el florecimiento del teatro quechua, etc. AquĂ es conveniente señalar que dicho âresurgimiento andinoâ ocurriĂł paralelamente a un ciclo de rebeliĂłn campesina ante el avance del latifundio, particularmente en el altiplano. De similar importancia fue la acciĂłn del âindigenismo socialâ de la AsociaciĂłn Pro Derecho IndĂgena, que desarrollĂł una defensa legal y periodĂstica de las comunidades indĂgenas que se veĂan invadidas por los terratenientes.
La repĂșblica imaginada. Representaciones culturales y recursos polĂticos en la Ă©poca de independencia. Rolando Rojas.
The resourcefulness and restoration of the pig were celebrated, but not his inevitable fate, in these hard days.
A.S. Byatt. The Djinn in the Nightingale's Eye.

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They went also on an excursion to Ephesus. This is a white city risen, in part, from the dead: you can walk along a marble street where Saint Paul must have walked; columns and porticoes, the shell of an elegant library, temples and caryatids are again upright in the spring sun. The young Attila frowned as they paced past the temple façades and said they made him shiver: Gillian thought he was thinking of the death of nations, but it turned out that he was thinking of something more primitive and more immediate, of earthquakes. And when he said that, Gillian looked at the broken stones with fear too.
A.S. Byatt. The Djinn in the Nightingale's Eye.
In those days she had been taught to explain âfloating redundantâ as one of Miltonâs magical fusings of two languagesâ âfloatingâ, which was Teutonic and to do with floods, and âredundantâ, which was involved and Latinate, and to do with overflowings. Now she brought to it her own wit, a knowledge of the modern sense of âredundantâ, which was to say, superfluous, unwanted, unnecessary, let go. âIâm afraid we shall have to let you go,â employers said, everywhere, offering freedom to reluctant Ariels, as though the employees were captive sprites, only too anxious to rush uncontrolled into the elements.
She knew she was lucky. Her ancestresses, about whom she thought increasingly often, would probably have been dead by the age she had reached. Dead in childbed, dead of influenza, or tuberculosis, or puerperal fever, or simple exhaustion, dead, as she travelled back in time, from worn-out unavailing teeth, from cracked kneecaps, from hunger, from lions, tigers, sabre-toothed tigers, invading aliens, floods, fires, religious persecution, human sacrifice, why not? Certain female narratologists talked with pleasurable awe about wise Crones but she was no crone, she was an unprecedented being, a woman with porcelain-crowned teeth, laser-corrected vision, her own store of money, her own life and field of power, who flew, who slept in luxurious sheets around the world, who gazed out at the white fields under the sun by day and the brightly turning stars by night as she floated redundant.
A.S. Byatt. The Djinn in the Nightingale's Eye.
It is always so. Some are looked at, and some may whistle for an admiring glance till the devil pounces on them, for so the Holy Spirit makes, crooked or straight, and naught to be done about it.
A.S. Byatt. The Djinn in the Nightingale's Eye.
âThe Journeyâ by Tomas Tranströmer, trans. Robin Fulton
In the underground station. A crowding among placards in a staring dead light.
The train arrived and collected faces and portfolios.
Darkness next. We sat in the carriages like statues, hauled through the caverns. Restraint, dreams, restraint.
In stations under sea level they sold the news of the dark. People in motion sadly silently under the clock dials.
The train carried outer garments and souls.
Glances in all directions on the journey through the mountain. Still no change.
But nearer the surface a murmuring of bees beganâfreedom. We stepped out of the earth.
The land beat its wings once and became still under us, widespread and green.
Ears of corn blew in over the platforms.
TerminusâI followed on, further.
How many were with me? Four, five, hardly more.
Houses, roads, skies, blue inlets, mountains opened their windows.
âThe Palaceâ by Tomas Tranströmer, trans. Robin Fulton
We stepped in. A single vast hall, silent and empty, where the surface of the floor lay like an abandoned skating rink. All doors shut. The air grey.
Paintings on the walls. We saw pictures throng lifelessly: shields, scale- pans, fishes, struggling figures in a deaf-and-dumb world on the other side.
A sculpture was set out in the void: in the middle of the hall alone a horse stood but at first when we were absorbed by all the emptiness we did not notice him.
Fainter than the breathing in a shell sounds and voices from the town circling in this desolate space murmuring and seeking power.
Also something else. Something darkly set itself at our sensesâ five thresholds without stepping over them. Sand ran in every silent glass.
It was time to move. We walked over to the horse. He was gigantic, dark as iron. An image of power itself abandoned when the princes left.
The horse spoke: âI am The Only One. The emptiness that rode me I have thrown. This is my stable. I am growing quietly. And I eat the silence thatâs in here.â

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âNoon Thawâ by Tomas Tranströmer, trans. Robin Fulton
The morning air delivered its letters with stamps that glowed. The snow shone and all burdens lightenedâa kilo weighed just 700 grams.
The sun was high over the ice hovering on the spot both warm and cold. The wind came out gently as if it were pushing a pram.
Families came out, they saw open sky for the first time in ages. We found ourselves in the first chapter of a very gripping story.
The sunshine stuck to all the fur caps like pollen on bees and the sunshine stuck to the name WINTER and stayed there till winter was over.
A still life of logs on the snow made me thoughtful. I asked them: âAre you coming along to my childhood?â They answered âYes.â
In among the copses there was a murmuring of words in a new language: the vowels were blue sky and the consonants were black twigs and the speech was soft over the snow.
But the jet plane curtsying in its skirts of noise made the silence on earth even stronger.
Links for Russian/English Parallel Texts
Here are some links for Russian and English Parallel texts with audio. This includes 2 novels.
Ana Karenina by Tolstoy
Notes from Underground by Dostoyevsky
Other Informative Articles with Audio
"King Popiel." CzesĆaw MiĆosz.
âA Taskâ by Czeslaw Milosz
In fear and trembling, I think I would fulfill my life Only if I brought myself to make a public confession Revealing a sham, my own and of my epoch: We were permitted to shriek in the tongue of dwarfs and demons But pure and generous words were forbidden Under so stiff a penalty that whoever dared to pronounce one Considered himself as a lost man.
It is worth noting that, while the commissioners of the book are named, the laborer is not. In the image, he is indicated by the curious titulus over the left-hand figureâs head: ILLE, literally HE who made it. His name might not matter, but his activity does: this is the one âwho suffered this for your name.â He is identified not by a name but by the pointed finger of a pronoun and the noun scriptor. The associated verb is patior, to suffer. It was not easy to make a book. âIlleâ is only a pronoun and an occupation. His brothers and sisters studied in this book are freer with their names. They are the monastic book-makers of tenth-century northern Iberia, and they are generous with information. They tell us where they worked, for whom, and how they felt about it. They name themselves and date their activity. They know they will be read, too, and speak directly to those who will hold and use the books they made. They are insistent in their reminders that reading is not just an encounter with âtext,â nor even with a book, but also and essentially a relationship with the work of someoneâs hands. This is for you, they say; keep me and my labor in mind. This book wants to remember the labor of âIlleâ and of many other book-workers like him. It began in response to an invitation extended from a monastery in what is now north-central Spain. At 6 A.M. on Friday, April 11 of the year 945 CE a monastic named Florentius wrote a colophon into what would be the last gathering of the book he was finishing. âIf you want to know,â he wrote, âI will explain to you in detail how heavy is the burden of writingâ [si uelis scire singulatim nuntio tibi quam grabe est scribturae pondus]. Without waiting for an answer, Florentius laid it out: writing âmists the eyes. It twists the back. It breaks the ribs and belly. It makes the kidneys ache and fills the whole body with every kind of annoyanceâ [oculis caliginem facit. dorsum incurbat. Costas et uentrem frangit. Renibus dolorem inmittit et omne corpus fastidium nutrit]. Invitation: come feel what itâs like to make a book by hand.
Catherine Brown. Remember the Hand: Manuscription in Early Medieval Iberia.
Emphasis mine.

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writing tip #3590:
the exact length of time you should spend editing your novel is however long it's taking me to edit this one (tbc)
Imagine, if you can, the surprise of a wolf-spider who, in running through the grass, should stumble over his own outgrown skeleton, so like his former self in all its details that he could scarcely fail to recognize it as his own; for even the transparent cornea of the eye is a part of this outer skeleton and is shed with it, as well as the jaws, sensitive spines, and hairs.
Marian and David Fairchild. Book of Monsters.