Writing Notes: Types of Adjectives
Adjectives - words that modify nouns and pronouns.
There are 13 categories of adjectives that describe the different ways adjectives can be used in the English language.
Describe the characteristics, traits, or qualities of a noun or pronoun.
In English, they often are placed directly before the noun they are describing.
For example: Excited children ate delicious treats in the colorful cafeteria.
EXAMPLES of descriptive adjectives: beautiful, witty, wicked, confusing, rich, new, strange, rocky, circular, helpful, competent, smelly, stable, grumpy, devoted, smart, muscular, graceful, scary, safe, wooden, sleepy, tardy, hungry, strange, hopeful, proud, new, dainty, royal, arrogant, round, efficient, youthful, cumbersome, fickle, mild, expensive, small, rude, generous, courageous, zany, thin, round, oval, dark, hot, modern, petite, weary
Formed from multiple words, which are usually connected by hyphens.
For example: We all enjoyed some ice-cold sodas.
EXAMPLES of compound adjectives: old-fashioned, run-of-the-mill, middle-of-the-road, heavy-duty, happy-go-lucky, see-through, easy-going, big-time, long-term
Used to compare two different people or things to each other.
Most comparative adjectives in English end in "-er".
In other instances, they are denoted with "more".
For example: My brother is stronger than yours.
EXAMPLES of comparative adjectives: better, bigger, older, angrier, prettier, smarter, kinder, more determined, more interesting
Used to compare more than two people or things by indicating which one is the most supreme or extreme.
Most superlative adjectives in English end in "-est".
In other instances, they are denoted with "most" or "least".
For example: I thought she was the most creative artist on the planet.
EXAMPLES of superlative adjectives: best, biggest, oldest, prettiest, happiest, most striking
Formed from proper nouns.
For example: At the grocery store, we bought Mexican tortillas, German sausage, and French cheese.
There are some proper adjectives that are based on people and places that may not be capitalized if they are used as more general words, such as herculean.
EXAMPLES of proper adjectives: Viennese, Russian, Orwellian, Shakespearean, spartan, draconian, titanic
Based on participles, which are words that usually end in "-ed" or "-ing" and derive from verbs.
For example: The frightened students ran away from the terrifying clown.
EXAMPLES of participial adjectives: burnt, depressed, surprised, misunderstood, annoying, shocking, time-consuming
Used to refer to members of a group individually.
For example: Both of the team captains took the time to congratulate every member of the team.
EXAMPLES of distributive adjectives: each, either, neither, any
Restrict a noun or pronoun rather than describe any of its characteristics or qualities.
For example: The building had twelve floors, hundreds of windows, and several unique features.
EXAMPLES of limiting adjectives: a/an, some, few, dozen, eight, thousands
Used to express possession or ownership.
For example: Everyone brought their own dish and my mom made her famous punch for our potluck.
EXAMPLES of possessive adjectives: your, our, its, his
There are only 3 interrogative adjectives in English.
They are used to ask questions.
For example: What is the fastest way to get this done?
The 3 interrogative adjectives are: what, which, whose
Used to express relative positions in space and time.
For example: I think that color looks great on you, but this one matches those shoes better.
The 4 most commonly used demonstrative adjectives in English are: this, that, these, those
Adjectives can be in different categories depending on how they are used in a sentence:
Many descriptive adjectives are commonly used as attributive adjectives.
Usually directly next to the noun and pronoun that they modify.
These sentences all use attributive adjectives:
The sleepy dogs dozed on the doorstep.
A tardy student ran in as the bell rang.
The strange figures appeared in the mist.
Her hopeful eyes gazed at me.
Some of the same descriptive adjectives that were used as attributive adjectives above can also be used as predicate adjectives.
Appear in the predicate of a sentence as a subject complement rather than directly next to the nouns or pronouns that they modify.
Predicate adjectives follow linking verbs in sentences and clauses.
These sentences all use predicate adjectives:
The figures seemed strange.
The children looked hopeful.
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