Source: Shmoop.com The speaker of the poem comes across a "knight at arms" alone, and apparently dying, in a field somewhere. He asks him what's going on, and the knight's answer takes up the rest of the poem. The knight says that he met a beautiful fairy lady in the fields. He started hanging out with her, making flower garlands for her, letting her ride on his horse, and generally flirting like knights do. Finally, she invited him back to her fairy cave. Sweet, thought the knight. But after they were through smooching, she "lulled" him to sleep, and he had a nightmare about all the knights and kings and princes that the woman had previously seduced – they were all dead. And then he woke up, alone, on the side of a hill somewhere. ·················································································································· Stanza 1, Lines 1-4 "O WHAT can ail thee, knight-at-arms, Alone and palely loitering? The sedge has wither'd from the lake, And no birds sing. •The poem opens with a question: an unnamed speaker asks a "knight at arms" what's wrong, or what's "ail[ing]" him. •Something is clearly wrong with the knight – he's "loitering" by himself around the edge of a lake, and he's "pale." •The speaker says that the "sedge," or marsh plants, have all died out from around the lake, and "no birds sing." So we're guessing that it's autumn or even early winter since all the birds have migrated, and the plants have "withered." •The presence of the "knight at arms" reminds us of medieval fairy tales with knights and ladies in towers. We think that this is the response Keats intended. ·················································································································· Stanza 2, Lines 5-8 "O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms, So haggard and so woe-begone? The squirrel's granary is full, And the harvest's done. •The first part of the stanza echoes the first line of the poem word-for-word. Apparently the knight doesn't answer immediately, so the unnamed speaker has to repeat the question. •This time, we get two more adjectives to describe the knight: he's "haggard," or worn-out and tired-looking, and "woe-begone." The knight is obviously both sick and depressed. •The last two lines of the stanza do more to set the scene: the squirrels have finished filling up their "granary," or storage of food for the winter, and the crops have already been harvested. •We can now safely assume that it's late autumn. ·················································································································· Stanza 3, Lines 9-12 "I see a lily on thy brow With anguish moist and fever-dew. And on thy cheeks a fading rose Fast withereth too." •The speaker continues to address this sick, depressed "knight at arms." •He asks about the "lily" on the knight's "brow," suggesting that the knight's face is pale like a lily. •The knight's forehead is sweaty with "anguish" and with "fever," so he's obviously sick. •The last two lines of the stanza describe how the healthy color is rapidly "fading" from the knight's cheeks. ·················································································································· Stanza 4, Lines 13-16 "I met a lady in the meads, Full beautiful – a faery's child, Her hair was long, her foot was light, And her eyes were wild. •This stanza changes point of view. •All of a sudden, the knight answers the unnamed speaker's questions. •So now the "I" is the knight, rather than the original speaker. •The knight says that he met a beautiful, fairy-like "lady" in the "meads," or fields. •She had long hair, was graceful, and had "wild" eyes. (We're not sure what "wild" eyes would look like, but apparently the knight thought it was attractive.) ·················································································································· Stanza 5, Lines 17-20 "I made a garland for her head, And bracelets too, and fragrant zone; She look'd at me as she did love, And made sweet moan. •The knight made a flower wreath, or "garland," for the lady, along with flower "bracelets." •The "fragrant zone" is a belt made of flowers. •We get the idea that the knight decks out the maiden with flowers. •"Fragrant zone" could also be a reference to her lady parts, which would make sense, given where the next two lines go. •And where do the next two lines go? Well, the lady is "look[ing]" at the knight while "lov[ing]" and "moan[ing]," so we think that they two are having sex. ·················································································································· Stanza 6, Lines 21-24 "I set her on my pacing steed, And nothing else saw all day long; For sidelong would she bend, and sing A faery's song. •The knight puts the lady on his horse (his "pacing steed") to take a ride. •Yes, there might be sexy connotations to this line, too. •The knight is so absorbed with his erotic encounter with this fairy lady that he doesn't notice anything else "all day long." •The lady leans "sidelong," or sideways off of the horse and sings "fairy songs" to the knight. ·················································································································· Stanza 7, Lines 25-28 "She found me roots of relish sweet, And honey wild and manna-dew; And sure in language strange she said, 'I love thee true." •The knight says that the fairy lady found him tasty roots, honey, and manna to eat ("of relish sweet"). •"Manna" is the food that the Jewish scriptures say that the Israelites ate when they were wandering around the desert after Moses freed them from slavery in Egypt. It's supposed to be food from heaven, so this word makes the fairy lady seem supernatural, if not actually divine. •Alternatively, the association could be with the slavery from which the •Israelites had just been freed. After all, the knight does become enslaved to the beautiful fairy lady. This allusion becomes even more potent when it's associated with the "honey wild" that the fairy lady fed the knight. (The Israelites were trying to find the Promised Land, which would flow with "milk and honey.") •The fairy lady tells the knight that she loves him, but she says it "in language strange." •He doesn't say what language it is, or how he's able to understand her. •Maybe he's just hearing what he wants to hear, or maybe her magical influence has enabled him to understand her "language strange." ·················································································································· Stanza 8, Lines 29-32 "She took me to her elfin grot, And there she wept and sigh'd full sore; And there I shut her wild, wild eyes With kisses four. •The fairy lady takes the knight to her "elfin grot." "Elfin" just means having to do with elves, as any Tolkien fans probably figured. And a "grot" is a grotto, or cave. •Once they're back at her fairy cave, she cries and sighs loudly. The knight doesn't say why she's crying, and we never find out – it's left to our imagination. •The knight kisses her weepy eyes four times. (Why "four" kisses? Isn't "three" usually the magic number in fairy tales? ) •Again, her eyes are described as "wild," and this time it's repeated twice. ·················································································································· Stanza 9, Lines 33-36 "And there she lullèd me asleep, And there I dream'd – ah! woe betide! The latest dream I ever dream'd On the cold hill's side. •The fairy lady "lulls" the knight to sleep like a baby in her cave, and he starts to dream something. •He interrupts himself with a dash – in line 34, and exclaims "Ah! woe betide!" because even the memory of the dream is horrible as he repeats it to the unnamed speaker. •"Woe betide!" is an archaic exclamation used to express extreme grief or suffering. It was old-fashioned even when Keats was writing. •The knight's use of this expression emphasizes the medieval romance setting. •The knight's dream in the fairy cave is the "latest," or last, dream he'll ever have. ·················································································································· Stanza 10, Lines 37-40 "I saw pale kings and princes too, Pale warriors, death-pale were they all: They cried, 'La belle Dame sans Merci Hath thee in thrall!' •The knight describes the dream he had: he saw "kings," "princes," and "warriors, and they were all "death pale." In fact, he repeats the word "pale" three times in two lines. •This procession of "pale" men could be an allusion to the fourth horseman of the Apocalypse that gets described in the Book of •Revelation in the Christian bible. The fourth horseman is Death, and he rides on a pale horse. •The pale warriors, princes, and kings all cry out in unison that "La belle dame sans merci" has the knight "in thrall," or in bondage. •Line 39 has the title of the poem in it, so it's time to translate it. The title is French and it translates to "the beautiful woman without mercy." ·················································································································· Stanza 11, Lines 41-44 "I saw their starved lips in the gloam With horrid warning gapèd wide And I awoke and found me here On the cold hill's side. •The knight continues to describe the pale warriors from his dream – in the "gloam," or dusk, all he can make out are their "lips." •Their mouths are "starv'd" and hungry-looking, and their mouths are all open as they cry out their warning to the knight. •The word "gloam" just means dusk or twilight, but it's no accident that •Keats uses it – after all, "gloam" sounds a lot like "gloom." •The knight wakes up from the dream alone and cold on the side of a hill. ·················································································································· Stanza 12, Lines 45-48 "And this is why I sojourn here Alone and palely loitering, Though the sedge is wither'd from the lake, And no birds sing." •The knight has finished his story. He tells the original, unnamed speaker, that this is why he's hanging out ("sojourn[ing]" and "loitering") by himself, even though it's so dismal outside. •The knight repeats the unnamed speaker's words from the first stanza, so that the poem ends with almost exactly the same stanza with which it began. ·················································································································· Personal Note: Please don't take this post as a direct answer sheet to any literature assessment taken on this poem, especially the parts which relate to sexual intercourse. Refer to the notes given to you by your respective teacher.
