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1.Bahadur shah (AD 1837-1862)

1.He was son of Akbar and Rajput Princess Ld Bai also was the last ruler Mughal Empire.

2.During his reign,1857 revolt took place,he was behaved to Rangoon as captive where he was died in 1862.

3.He was very good Urdu poet and his pen name was zafar.

2.Akbar(AD 1806-1837)

1.He was the first Mughal ruler who was under the British protection.

1.(Bhagat Singh)

1. Date of birth:-(28, September,1907)

2. Bhagat singh was nickname (Shaheed-e-Azam) which means "Martyr of the nation" in Urdu.

3. Birth Place:- Banga, Lyallpur, District Punjab, (Now in Pakistan) .

4. Family of Bhagat Singh:- Father Name - Kishan Singh Mother Name - Vidyavati Borther Name - Kulbir Singh, Rajinder Singh.

1. (Dadabhai Naoroji)

1. Born:- (4 September 1825 Navsari, Bombay .

2.Died:- (30 June 1917) aged 71 Bombay.

3. Political Party :- ( Liberal)

4. Other Political:- (Co-founder of the indian National Congress .

2. Bipin Chandra Pal

1. Born:- (7 November 1858 Poil, Habiganj, Sylhet District, Bengal Presidency (Now in Bangladesh).

2. Died:- (20 May 1932) aged 73 Calcutta ( Now in Kolkata).

Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji

( 1667 to 1708)

(Short Note) :-

Guru Gobind Singh Ji was the 10th and the last Guru of the Sikh. He was the son of Guru Tej Bahdur ji , the 9th Guru Gobind Singh ji held the guruship for 33 years ,until he left for heavenly abode in 1708.

Battle:-

1. Battle of Anandpur

Date - 1682

Location - Anandpur Sahib

Result - Sikh Victory

2. Battle of Anandpur

Date - 1685

Location - Anandpur

Result - Sikh Victory

3. Battle of Bhangani

Date - 18 September 1686 or1688

Location - Bhangani

Result - Sikh Victory.

4. Battle of Nadaun

Date - 1691

Location - Nadaun

Result - Bilaspur state Victory

5. Battle of Guler

Date - 1696

Location - Guler

What is a Money ?

Money is a piece of paper that has no value in itself. It just tells us the value of other things. The whole world works day and night to achieve this, then the same person gives this money to someone else and takes the things he needs. This is how this money keeps moving around the world. The money seen in the world is 40 trillion dollars. The money that is not visible is 1300 trillion dollar.

2. Commodity Money:-

At that time people exchange everything that was valueable and one could use it himself and all the people were willing to take that thing with them. Like cows, buffaloes, goats,iron, weapons, cloth,meat, animals skin, alcohol, tobacco, Peacock feathers and humans were used as slaves and used as money.

Problem:-

Commodity Money made people's lives very easy. But this thing also had a big drawback because it was very difficult to know if what I had was worth or what it was worth. Each commodity Money had its own value. Now people wanted something that had a certain value and could last longer. Because too much of the same cause alcohol and us to deteriorate.

3. Metallic Money:-

Introduction:-

Razia Sultan was a wise, judicious and compassionate women but all these qualities were useless to man because Razia Sultan was a woman for him.

Razia Sultan's attack on Bathinda :-

Razia Sultan attacked the United Malik Altonia, of Bathinda in which battle Razia Sultan was detected and the Malik Altonia of Bathinda imprisoned the Razia as prisoners.

When this news came to the knowledge of the Turkish amirs of Delhi, they declared lltutmish and the third son Majdin Bahram shaha as the Sultan of Delhi.

After becoming the Sultan of Delhi, Majdin Bahram shah give high positions to this confidants, but Malik Altonia the captive of Razia was not given position, which caused the relationship between the two to deteriorate.

Introduction:-If we talk about this historical places of India, the name of Taj Mahal comes first. This is a building which is considered as one of the seven wonders. Spread over 42 acres, Taj Mahal is considered as symbol of love. The Taj Mahal was built almost 400 years ago in 1632. The Taj Mahal was built by Mughal Empire Shah Jahan for his wife Mumtaz. About 20 thousand laborers worked day and night to build the Taj Mahal. The work of building the Taj Mahal lasted for about 22 years.

Death of Mumtaz Mahal:-

Introduction :-

Words of Maharani Jinda Kaur -

" I will be called Shahi Fakirni

When the city will write the hall"

This collection is written by Maharani Jinda Kaur , whose life from being a royal women to the end was a very difficult one. Maharani Jinda Kaur continued to try to save the Sikh nation till her last breath and Maharani Jinda Kaur spent her last days as a Fakir.

( Seizing Rajpath Maharaja Duleep Singh)

On 18 March 1949, the British government confiscated Rajpath from Maharaja Duleep Singh. Some of these conditions were also laid down.

1). Maharaja Duleep Singh waives all right and claims on this behalf.

2). The debt owed by the British government to the Lahore government will be confiscated by the British government.

1). Which of the following Vedas deals with magic spells and witchcraft?

A. Rigveda

B. Samaveda

C. Yajurveda

D. Atharvaveda

Answer - ( D )

2). The later Vedic Age means the age of the compilation of ?

A. Samhitas

B). Brahmanas

C. Aranyakas

D. All the above

Answer - ( D )

3). The Indus Valley civilization can be said belong to the ?

A. Paleolithic age

B. Primitive age

C. Neolithic age

D. Chalcolithic age

Answer - ( D )

4). After the partition of India, the largest number of Harappan towns and settlement have been found in ?

A. Punjab

B. Haryana

C. Gujarat

D. Uttar Pradesh

Who is Babur ?

Babur's full name was Zahiruddin Babur. Babur's father's was Umar Shaikh Mirza and he belonged to the Turkic caste and was and the ruler of Fergana. Babur's mother's name was Qutlugh Nigar Khanam and she belonged to the Mongol caste. Babur was born on 14 February 1483 AD. Babur's father was killed by his relatives. Babur become the ruler in 1499 AD at the age of (11- 12) .

1). Attack on Panipat:- ( 21 April 1526)

Babur was asked by Ibrahim Lodhi's uncle Shah Alam and Subedar Daulat Kha Lodhi of Punjab to attack India. In which Sanga of Mewar will assist them. Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi fought the Battle of Panipat on 21 April 1526 AD, in which Ibrahim Lodhi was killed, ending the Lodhi dynasty and ushering in the ruler of the Mughal dynasty. Cannons were used for time in this war. Ibrahim Lodhi had more than 1 lakh army which was badly defeated by Babur's 12 thousand army. After Babur won the war, he distributed silver coins among the people, so people gave him the tittle Qalandar.

2). Battle of Khanwah ( 1527 AD) :-

Major Reforms of Lord Cornwallis :-

1). He eliminated many jobs that were held only to please the executives or members of the control board.

2). He forced the management of the company to increase the wages of the workers.

3). The personal business of the employees of the company was banned.

4). It was during his reign that rules were made that no Indian could be given a post higher than Droga or Munshi and his salary could not exceed 500 pounds. This was a great blunder by Cornwallis and a stain on his name.

2). Judicial Reforms

1). Following Civil Courts :- Cornwallis established a series of civil courts. At the lowest level were the Munsif's courts, headed by Indian officials. They could hear cases up to Rs.50. Above these were the registrar's courts, which were under European judges. They had the right to hear cases up to Rs.200. Above these were the district courts. District Courts were under District Judges. These courts heard appeals against lower courts.

Introduction:-Humayun was the second ruler of the Mughal Sultanate and was the eldest son of Babur. Humayun was the only son , who divided the empire among four brothers as per his father's wish. There were many ups and downs in Humayun's life and the throne of Delhi was also taken away from him. Humayun suffered more from his brothers than from his Afghan enemies.

Humayun's early life and becoming a ruler:-

Humayun become the Subedar of Badakhsa Pardesh at the age of 12. He participated as a subedar in all the wars that Babur waged. Babur, before his death chose Humayun as his successor. Babur was proclaimed the next ruler of the Mughal dynasty on 30 December 1530, four days after his death on 26 December 1530 AD. Humayun became the ruler and divided the empire among his four brothers according to his father's wishes.

These empire were divided as follows:-

1. Kamran - kabul and Kandahar

2. Askari - Sambhal Pardesh

3. Hindal - Mewar and Alwar

Introduction :- Aurangzeb's full name was Abul Muzaffar Muhiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir. Aurangzeb's father's name was Shah Jahan and mother's name was Mumtaz Begum. Aurangzeb was born on November 3, 1618 AD in Dohad (Gujarat). Aurangzeb's reign lasted from July 31, 1658 AD to March 3, 1707 AD. Aurangzeb died on March 3, 1707 AD at the age of 88 in Ahmed Nagar, South India. C. Aurangzeb's tomb is in Khuldabad. Names of Aurangzeb's wives were Dil Ras Bano Begum, Nawab Bai, Aurangabadi Mahal, Udaipuri Mahal. Aurangzeb's next successor was Bahadur Shah.

Mutiny :-

1). Mutiny of the Jats :- In 1670 AD the Jats started a revolt against Aurangzeb. The Jats were led by Gokul. After killing Gokul, Raja Ram led the Jats. They excavated Akbar's tomb from Sikandra in 1685 AD under the leadership of Raja Ram and cremated his remains. After which Aurangzeb became enraged and killed Raja Ram too, but still this rebellion did not end completely.

Introduction :-

Muhammad Ghauri's rule lasted from 1773 to 1206 AD. The Saswani dynasty ruled at a place named Gaur in Ghajini Pradesh. In 1173 AD, Sahabuddin Muhammad was the ruler of Ghori of this dynasty. After capturing the Ghazni region, he expanded his kingdom towards India as well. Muhammad Ghauri is considered to be the first ruler to establish a Muslim state in India.

Purpose :-

The objective of Muhammad Ghauri's invasion of India was to establish his own Muslim kingdom.

1). First Battle :- Muhammad Ghauri first attacked Multan in 1175 AD, in which Muhammad Ghauri was victorious.

2. Second attack Muhammad Ghori made a second attack on Gujarat in 1178 AD. At that time Gujarat was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty and was ruled by King Mulraj II. Mulraj was under 18 years so his mother Nayak Raj used to accompany him. In this war, when Muhammad Ghauri attacked Gujarat, he was defeated in this war.

1). The earliest city discovered in India was ?

A) Harappan

B) Sindh

C) Mohenjodaro

D) Punjab

Answer :- ( A )

2). The Social system of the Harappans was ?

A) Slave Labour based

B) Colour Varna based

C) Caste based

D) Egalitarian

Answer :- ( D )

3). The Harappans did not know the use of ?A). Gold

B). Copper

C). Bronze

D). Iron

Introduction :- The Vedic era was between 1500 AD to 600 AD. Vedas were composed in this period. It is the next major civilization that arrived in ancient India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization by 1400 BC.The first Rigveda was composed in the Vedic period, which is as follows.

Arrival of Aryan people in India:-

Place of original residence.

1. According to Maxmular - the Aryans came from Central Asia.

2. According to Dr. Sampurna Nanda - Aryans came from the Alps.

3. Bal Gangadhar Tilak - The Aryans came from the Arctic region.

Later Vedic period ( From c. 1000 - c. 600 BCE)., Literary composition sequence.

1). Samvad

2). Atharveda

3). Yajurveda

4). Brahman Granth

5). Arnik

6). Upanishad

Ramayan :- The Ramayana was composed in the Vedic period itself. The Ramayana was rewritten by Balmiki in 600 BCE. Ramayana has 24000 slokas and seven kandas. Ramayana is the story of King Ram Chandra of Ayodhya and his father Dasharatha, wife Sita and brothers Lakshmana, Bharata, Shatrughan.