Lupercalia pt 1.
ILLUSTRATION BY LABROUSTE DEL., MARY EVANS PICTURE LIBRARY/ALAMY
Chthonic, Apotropaic, Purification, and Fertility
Lupercalia was an annual lustral festival observed in the city of Rome on 15 of Februarius (February). It is described by Plutarch in his 75 CE Romulus:
The Lupercalia, by the time of its celebration, may seem to be a feast of purification, for it is solemnised on the dies nefasti, or non-court days, of the month February, which name signifies purification, and the very day of the feast was anciently called Februata; but its name is equivalent to the Greek Lycaea; and it seems thus to be of great antiquity, and brought in by the Arcadians who came with Evander. Yet this is but dubious, for it may come as well from the wolf that nursed Romulus; and we see the Luperci, the priests, begin their course from the place where they say Romulus was exposed. But the ceremonies performed in it render the origin of the thing more difficult to be guessed at; for there are goats killed, then, two young noblemenâs sons being brought, some are to stain their foreheads with the bloody knife, others presently to wipe it off with wool dipped in milk; then the young boys must laugh after their foreheads are wiped; that done, having cut the goatsâ skins into thongs, they run about naked, only with something about their middle, lashing all they meet; and the young wives do not avoid their strokes, fancying they will help conception and childbirth. Another thing peculiar to this feast is for the Luperci to sacrifice a dog.
There are many important elements to be discussed here, but first we must address a common misconception:
Lupercalia is not the pagan Valentineâs Day.
Pope Gelasius I abolished Lupercalia in 494 CE. There is much uncritical repeating of the myth that Valentineâs Day was instituted in its place, however there is no historical evidence to support this. Pope Gelasiusâ letter 100, To Andromachus (found here, regrettably only in Latin), in which observance of Lupercalia is forbidden, makes no mention of Valentine whatsoever. Further, we do not know when celebration of St. Valentineâs martyrdom began, and it is not until 1380 that it is connected to romantic love by Chaucerâs Parlement of Foules.Â
But what about the love lottery? The first mention of a match-making lottery administered by the Luperci comes from Alban Butlerâs 1756 Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints (vol 2, FEBRUARY XIV.ST. VALENTINE, PRIEST AND MARTYR.): âTo abolish the heathens lewd superstitious custom of boys drawing the names of girls, in honour of their goddess Februata Juno, on the fifteenth of this month, several zealous pastors substituted the names of saints in billets, given on this day.âÂ
This assertion from Butler is transposed from Henri Missonâs M. Missonâs Memoirs and Observations in his Travels over England With some Account of Scotland and Ireland.[x] There has been as of yet no evidence found to suggest such a thing took place in Rome.
Nor was Lupercalia replaced with Candlemas. This idea comes from conjecture of Cardinal Caesar Baronius in C16 CE, suggesting that Lupercalia was replaced by the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin (Candlemas). This festival was never celebrated in Rome, however, and the forty-day interval between Christmas and Candlemas means it would have been celebrated no later than February 2.[x]
Lupercaliaâs association with Valentineâs Day appears to be the result of a modern desire either to be titillated (Flagellation! Blood! Fertility!) or to provide any explanation at all to questions that we are unable to answer.
I will share my reading regarding the ritualistic importance of each element, the possible origin of the festival, and possible associated deities in an upcoming post.
Khaire đşđđ¤
Further reading:
Green, William M. (1931, January). Lupercalia in the Fifth Century. Retrieved from http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/CP/26/1/Lupercalia*.html



















