βThe history of the New York police is not a particularly illustrious one, at least in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as throughout the period the law enforcement agents of the city continually and recurrently demonstrated corruption, complacency, confusion, sloth, and brutality. Conventionally defined, the police existed to keep the peace, to protect the population, to enforce the laws that had been passed for the common good of all. In truth, however, the police were squeezed by the cityβs power structure into a position where peace was a relative term, where protection of one part of the population was carried out at the expense of another, and where the meanings of laws shifted according to whomever was in a position to interpret them. Thus the police became a repressive and profit-gathering force halfway between gangsters and politicians, having to serve as interpreters between the two. They were expected to be stern and benevolent at once, or perhaps stern with the poor and benevolent to what was held as the respectable part of society, and this contradiction led to the extremes of viciousness and indolence. They were intended to be the pure element in a system that was corrupt from top to bottom, while simultaneously being underpaid, expected to tender financial homage to those who did them favors and to enforce the terms of the graft passed between other levels of society. At times they seemed like gangsters in uniform, and at times, particularly in the slums, like a capricious local government in which they combined the legislative, executive and judicial branches. Cops felt that they had the choice of inspiring jokes or inspiring fear, of starvation or extortion, of being treated as servants by the rich or as the enemy by the poor, of upholding moral standards or of upholding the standards temporarily raised at the whim of power and fashion. It is not terribly surprising that, in each case, most cops chose the latter option.β