lesson thirteen : verbs III
This is the last Elvish lesson I prepared. If there is an interest n more, just let me know, and Iâll see what I can do. ;)
Tangado ech sen a anno den mae enni!
(Make that spear firm and give it to me good!)
Now, at last, we come to the wild bunch, the outsiders, the freaks of the Sindarin verb world. These are the rebels who refuse to follow the rules, a veritable underworld of semantic misdemeanors. (Yes, I have been watching far too much âLaw & Orderâ recently, why do you ask?) These verbs fall into four categories: mixed conjugation verbs, impersonal verbs, surviving -u- verbs, and the truly irregular verbs.
mixed conjugation
This class of verbs is called âmixedâ conjugation because they look like A-stem verbs, but they donât always act like A-stem verbs. In some cases, they act more like I-stem verbs. This group seems to include most verbs that end in a single consonant followed by an -a (as long as that consonant isnât âthâ or âchâ â which count as one letter, if youâll remember). Letâs take a look at a few examples and examine their particular brand of premeditated malice. (Sorry, sorryâŠ)
In other words, the imperative, infinitive, present, future, present participle, and gerund forms all conjugate as normal A-stem verbs. Example:
Imperative: AnĂro âdesire!â
Infinitive: AnĂro âto desireâ
Present: AnĂra âdesiresâ
Future: AnĂratha âwill desireâ
Present Participle: AnĂrol âdesiringâ (as an adjective)
Gerund: AnĂrad âdesiringâ (as a noun)
However, the past tense, past participle, and perfect participle forms conjugate as though the verb were an I-stem without that final âaâ. (In this case, as though the verb stem were anĂr- instead of anĂra-)
Past: Anirn âdesiredâ
Past Participle: AnĂrnen âdesiredâ (as an adjective)
Perfect Participle: AnĂriel âhaving desiredâ
The important thing to note about the above (and the reason that I chose this verb as an example) is that when the verb stem has a long vowel, that vowel becomes short in the past tense (but nowhere else). Another distinction between the mixed conjugation verbs and the normal I-stem is that when adding a pronomial ending to the past tense, the connecting vowel is -e-, not -i-. This means that the i-umlaut effect does not happen with these verbs. (The consonant mutation to the ending cluster still occurs just as with I-stems, though.)
impersonal verbs
These verbs are called âimpersonalâ because they cannot accept a subject. There are currently only two verbs in this group that we know about.
The first of these is the verb âelia-â, âto rainâ. You can see why this verb is considered impersonal. You would never, for instance, say âI rainâ or âhe rainedâ. Now, in most forms, this verb acts just like a normal A-stem. However, the past and present tenses go a little pear-shaped. The present tense (âit is rainingâ) appears to be âailâ and the past tense (âit rainedâ) shows up as âaulâ.
The other impersonal verb that we know of is âboeâ. This roughly translates to âit is necessaryâ. âBoeâ is really a Noldorin verb that was updated and adapted into Sindarin. There is no attested use of it in the corpus, but we can guess that it might look something like:
Boe beriad i garas! âIt is necessary to protect the city!â
Boe anim breithad chen. âIt is necessary for me to break you.â (Could also be translated as âI must break youâ â although itâs much more intimidating when Dolph Lundgren says it.)
Notice that we use the gerund form here instead of the infinitive as you might expect. If it helps you to keep this oddity in mind, consider that the translation âProtecting the city is necessaryâ is also an acceptable translation of the first example. Itâs easy to see that âprotectingâ is operating as a noun in this sentence, hence the gerund form.
"Boe" does not appear to have any other forms, nor can it accept pronomial endings. (Meaning that, at this time, we really have no way to say âit was necessaryâ or âit will be necessaryâ using this verb.)
surviving -u- verbs
This class of irregular verbs includes the following:
groga- âfeel terrorâ
loda- âfloatâ
soga- âdrinkâ
toba- âcover, roof overâ
nod- âtie, bindâ
tog- âlead, bringâ
These verbs all derived from primitive root stems that contained the vowel âuâ. Over time, the primitive âuâ mutated to âoâ in standard Sindarin. For the most part, these verbs will conjugate just like mixed conjugation verbs. However, when these verbs go into the past tense, that primitive âuâ makes a comeback. So, for the past tenses, we get:
stem > past tense > past tense with ending
groga- > grunc > grunge- + pronomial ending
loda- > lunt > lunne- + pronomial ending
soga > sunc > sunge- + pronomial ending
toba > tump > tumme- + pronomial ending
nod > nunt > nynni- + pronomial ending
tog > tunc > tyngi- + pronomial ending
truly irregular verbs
The following verbs cannot be grouped in any other way. Each is unique in its own way because of the various ways that they evolved from their primitive roots. Iâm not going to go into detail about these individual histories, because itâs not really necessary to understand. The details are available in several places for those wanting an in-depth explanation. For the casual user, though, these oddities should just be memorized.
This verb conjugates just like a normal A-stem verb, except for the past tense and past participle. The past tense is âaunâ, which becomes âone-â before a pronomial ending. The past participle is âonenâ, with plural form âoninâ. (The âoâ does not change due to the i-umlaut in this case because the âoâ derives from âauâ.)
The past tense of âdravaâ is the irregular form âdrampâ. In all other respects, this conjugates like a normal A-stem.
Tolkien indicated in his writings that the irregular past tense âgwedhantâ came into use. It is likely that the past participle was also replaced by âgwedhannenâ. (âRedh-â âsowâ probably alters the same way.)
Most forms of âthoraâ are consistent with A-stem verbs. However, the past tense is âthaurâ (âthore-â before a pronomial ending). The past participle is, correctly, âthorenâ, but the plural form is âthorinâ. This is for the same reason as âanna-â above. Additionally, the perfect participle of âthora-â becomes âthĂłrielâ (instead of the expected âthĂșrielâ).
Trenar- ârecount, tell to the endâ
'Trenar-' is identical to an I-stem verb except in the past, past participle, and perfect participle. (This is a recurrent pattern, you may have noticed.) In the past, we end up with 'trenor', yielding a past participle 'trenoren' with plural 'trenorin', and a perfect participle 'trenĂłriel'.
Although it is not confirmed, the past tense of this verb appears to be âbancâ. If that is the case, then this verb probably conjugates via the rules of mixed conjugation, despite having two consonants before the final â-aâ.
Mixed conjugation verbs include most verbs with a single consonant before a final â-aâ.
They conjugate like A-stem verbs except in the past, past participle, and perfect participle, where they behave like I-stem verbs
Long vowels in the verb stem are shortened in the past tense of mixed conjugation verbs
Irregular verbs tend to fall into three categories: impersonal verbs, those with a surviving primitive â-u-â, and those with individual quirks due to developmental history
These irregular forms are best memorized or written down and kept as a reference.
Exercise Eleven part a:
translate the following conversation into sindarin
Glorfindel: I must tell you something, Elrond.
Elrond: Follow me, and I will listen.
Glorfindel: Erestor traded your begetting day gift for a book of poems! (Hint: saying âthe gift of your begetting dayâ may be easier!)
Elrond: How do you know?
Glorfindel: I eavesdropped on him behind the guardhouse.
Elrond: I gave the gift to him. He wanted to give you the book.
Glorfindel: Oh! Now I want to hide for about a year!
vocabulary
about : os- (prefix)
book : parf
day : aur
gift : ant
guardhouse : tirithadab
poem : glßr
something : nad
to beget : edonna-
to follow : aphada-
to hide : doltha-
to know : ista-
to listen : lasta-
year : idhrinn
part b:
translate the following conversation into english
RĂșmil: Grungen ir i âlamhoth anglennant!
Orophin: Findelen nimmint ir cennin hain!
RĂșmil: Cuina Haldir?
Orophin: E harnannen na orch. E bronatha.
RĂșmil: Harthon an ngalu. Celeborn degitha ven ae melethron Ăźn gwanna!
vocabulary
ae : if
anglenna-Â : to approach
cuina-Â : to be alive
dag-Â : to kill, to slay
findel : hair
galu : good fortune
gwanna-Â : to die, to depart
harna-Â : to wound
hartha-Â : to hope