Futureās End: Star Trek Voyager as the End of History
Iāve been watching a lot of Star Trek Voyager recently as a kind of antidote to PhD stress and I was struck, while watching the time travel episode, Futureās End, by just how rooted in the 1990ās Voyager really is. And rooted in a very particular vision of the 1990ās.
Francis Fukuyama famously commented, in 1992, that the 1990ās marked āthe end of historyā. Fukuyama distinguished here between āhistoryā and āeventsā ā the end of āeventsā would mark the end of the world effectively, but the end of āhistoryā instead could be seen as the end of political, social and economic strife which drives societal change. History has been marked by various epochs and political evolutions which, according to Fukuyama reached their pinnacle in western liberal democracy during the 1990ās. Fukuyamaās ideas were forcibly undone on September 11th 2001 when a new kind of war began, marking the cultural endpoint of the 90ās, 21 months after their literal endpoint. Interestingly, Voyagerās final episode aired on 23rd May 2001, four months before this cultural shift. Voyager then is anchored firmly within Fukuyamaās cultural endpoint.
Voyager is proud of its 90ās roots and unafraid of drawing most of its cultural beats from the decade of its conception - Tom Paris loves 90ās popular culture, the episode, 11:59, is entirely set in the last days of 1999, Futureās End has the crew visit 1996. Fascination with earth history is something of a trope within the Star Trek universe ā from Siskoās love of old baseball games in Deep Space Nine to Worfās trips to the wild west in The Next Generation ā but these references are intended to evoke a kind of nostalgia for their audiences. Voyagerās references to the 90ās did no such thing for its 90ās audience. Instead, there was a kind of complacency within the narrative; of course citizens of a 24th century utopia would take their cultural references from the decade which their utopia reflects. It is no accident that Voyager is named for a space probe, admittedly launched before the 90ās, but which is the embodiment of the 90ās utopian vision of a human society built around exploration and scientific enquiry.
This sense of complacency permeates all aspects of the series; Voyager premiered at the peak of the Star Trek franchise popularity ā Deep Space Nine was in its second season, The Next Generation had made a very successful transition from small screen to big and the original 60ās Trek was drawing in huge audiences in re-runs. Voyager was a guaranteed success from day one; all it had to do was keep doing what Trek had been doing so well for the past thirty years. And it excelled at doing that. It became the Trek-est of the Treks as its crew boldly went where every Star Trek crew had already gone many, many times before. Voyagerās cultural sister, Deep Space Nine, was the red-haired stepchild of the franchise, the show that took risks, leaving Voyager to act as a counterpoint by taking no risks whatsoever. After all, it didnāt need to ā the status quo had been working well for literally decades. Just as Fukuyama predicted, when there is no impetus for change, then change does not occur.
Voyagerās mission is technically to get home, but it does this with absolutely no sense of urgency. At times, it feels as though the crew are on a kind of leisure cruise through the Delta Quadrant with ample time to explore scientific phenomena and make contact with new species. At times, it feels as though Voyager is on a kind of cultural crusade to spread Federation values throughout the barbaric and technologically less advanced region in which they find themselves. In an interesting narrative choice, Voyager is a superior ship to almost anything else the Delta Quadrant has to offer, meaning that the supremacy of 90 western liberal democracy which it represents goes unchallenged. The writers seem all too aware of this dimension of the series and go out of their way to parody it in the seventh seasonās Live Fast and Prosper which sees a group of con artists selling fake Federation memberships to gullible Delta Quadrant natives.
Fukuyama thought that the end of history was marked by the defeat of communist powers in Russia and increasing capitalism within China and Voyager deals with this too. In later seasons, Voyagerās main antagonists are the Borg Collective, the most communist of all Star Trek species. A liberated Borg drone, Seven of Nine, rediscovers her āindividualityā (puts her communist ideals aside) and ādefectsā to the West by joining the crew of Voyager. Her new life is portrayed as being superior in all ways to her old one ā so much so that tales of her experiences spread through the Borg, eventually destabilising the entire Collective. The Borg are defeated by gradually being convinced of the superiority of Voyagerās ideology.
If Fukuyama posited that the 90ās represented the end of history, then Voyager in many ways represents the end of Trek. In a literal sense, the series is set between 2371 and 2379 ā apart from Star Trek Nemesis (also set in 2379), this represents a point further in the future than any other Trek series to date. Post-2009 Trek in particular has chosen to explore a time period almost one hundred years prior to Voyager, possibly because Voyager depicts a kind of cultural end point for the Trek universe. Utopia has been achieved and utopias are rather dull to write fiction about ā a more interesting story is how the society depicted within Voyager came to be. Voyager also contains a number of episodes which take place, at least partly, after 2379; in Living Witness the Doctor finds himself several hundred years in the future and several episodes, most notably Futureās End and Relativity, feature the time travelling Captain Braxton who hails from the Federation of the 29th Century. The portrayal of Captain Braxton is of particular interest here since his Federation is not noticeably different from Voyagerās own ā utopia apparently continues uninterrupted for at least five hundred years. Events happen, but history does not.
Perhaps this is a point for another blog post, but I do wonder if Voyager could have been written post 2001. In the climate of 90ās optimism, the end of history felt possible and achievable. Post 2001, it feels like more of a blip, a kind of brief respite from history. From the perspective of 2019, Voyager feels more like a thought experiment detailing what might have been, rather than a guidebook to what will be.















