You can use 반말 with friends, younger siblings/people, romantic partners, pets -- close/casual relationships.
In almost all cases, it is virtually 요 form without the 요. Here's the breakdown:
Verbs & Adjectives
Present 현재: ~아/어/해
Past 과거: ~았어/었어/했어
Future 미래: ~을(c)/ㄹ(v) 거야
예:
가 / 갔어 / 갈 거야
들어 / 들었어 / 들을 거야
알아 / 알았어 / 알을 거야
바빠 / 바빴어 / 바쁠 거야
좋아 / 좋았어 / 좋을 거야
추워 / 추웠어 / 출 거야
싸워어 / 싸웄어 / 싸울 거야
Nouns (with 이다 /아니다)
Present 현재: ~이야(c)/야(v)
Past 과거: ~이었어(c)/였어(v)
Future 미래: 일(c)/ㄹ(v) 거야
예:
친구야 / 친구였어 / 친구일 거야
동생이야 / 동생이었어 / 동생일 거야
Names 이름
Vowel ending: add 야
Consonant ending: add 아
예:
민진아 vs 지수야
Commands 명령/권유
Remember, commands are those ~으/세요 or ~지 마세요 phrases in polite speech.
Verbs ("Do XXX"): ~아/어/해 (요 form without 요)
예:
써 / 와 / 앉아 / 들어
Negation ("Don't do XXX"): Verb stem + ~지 마
예:
가지 마 / 말하지 마 / 듣지 마 / 울지 마
Suggestions 제안 (let's/let's not...)
*Suggestions for joint action
"Let's": verb stem + 자
예:
찍자 / 앉자 / 걷자 / 만들자
"Let's not" (negation): verb stem + 지 말자
예:
타지 말자 / 가지 말자 / 먹지 말자 / 공부하지 말자
Copy and paste into a document to save/annotate your own copy. Also, feel free to practice in the comments (or point out any inaccuracies)! We’re all learning here.
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Introducing another brain-twister of a grammar point, ~밖에.
Noun밖에 + Negative Verb (없다, 모르다, ~지 않다, 안 / 못)
This roughly means “only/nothing besides/nothing but” the [noun]
So when you want to say things like:
(1) I only have XXX and nothing more/else
(2) Besides XXX, he does nothing else
(3) I care about nothing besides XXX these days
These are random examples and not comprehensive.
Sidenote: 안 = don’t (choice) / 못 = can’t (ability / possibility)
Other sidenote: You can use a verb with 밖에, but you must turn that verb into a noun-like form first.
예:
저는 요즘 한국 드라마밖에 안 봐요. These days, I don’t want anything besides Korean dramas.
요즘 예술밖에 관심이 없어요. These days, I have no interest in anything besides art (basically, all I care about is art right now).
약이 하나밖에 없어요. I only have one pill left (literally: I have nothing else besides this one pill.)
어렸을 때 우리 오빠밖에 몰라요. 근데 지금 자주 안 만나요. When I was young, all I knew was my brother (I only cared about/loved/had eyes for/etc him). However, now we don’t meet often.*
*모르다 literally means you don’t know anything besides [noun], but it is often used figuratively to mean you only cared about/had eyes for this thing or person.
제니밖에 자지 않아요. Besides Jenny, no one else is sleeping.
제니가 잠밖에 안 자요. Jenny does nothing but sleep. (Verb is 잠을 자다 → changes to 잠을 안 자다 becase needs ot be negative then adding ~밖에 replaces 을/를 in these cases so → 잠밖에 안 자요, where 잠 is the noun)
여기에는 물밖에 없어요. There’s nothing here except water.
라면밖에 안 먹어요. They eat nothing besides ramen.
그것밖에 몰라요. Besides that, they know nothing.
영어밖에 못 해요. I can only speak English (Literally: besides English, there's nothing I can speak.)
Sidenote: This grammar typically has a more negative connotation, i.e., you're not glad you can only do this (when you should do more) or only have this left (when you want or need more). Looking at how you can only use negative verbs here, it makes sense.
Copy and paste into a document to save/annotate your own copy. Also, feel free to practice in the comments (or point out any inaccuracies)! We’re all learning here.
I'm not sure how many posts I'll make about Business Japanese, but probably more than one so I say the part one is warranted, haha.
Feel free to add anything or any questions in the notes! Like I said, this isn't a fully comprehensive infographic. Also, what do people think of the lined paper style background for the title page/intro? I think they look kinda cute for the introduction, but not for the informative parts...
One thing I will add that I couldn't fit on the slides: I think some textbooks don't have super clear distinctions between 「謙譲語Ⅰ」 「謙譲語Ⅱ」 and 「ていねいご」, so I only specifically mention 謙譲語 broadly here. Parts of 謙譲語Ⅱ and ていねいご are both described as "extra-modest" in some things, for example! Just keep in mind that my post is a simplification, and if you're interested in formal language, maybe start at learning all of the different keigo categories and what they involve!
Vocab list note: The set phrases in the greetings and closings are all comparable to set phrases in English for greetings and closings of emails. I'm putting these set phrases in their entirety in the list, with a comparable English set phrase as the definition. Do not take these as equivalent phrases! They have a similar feeling, but I am not asserting that they have identical meanings. I'm just offering something comparable in case it helps a person make more sense of them!
The full vocab list + a transcript of the post is under the cut!
I needed to put all my reading resources in one place lol
Tadoku - free books from beginner to advanced aimed at language learners. The books from level 0 - 4 contain furigana.
YomuJP - More free japanese graded reading material. N6 is the easiest and N1 is the hardest. Contains audio, furigana and pictures.
Jgrpg Sakura - Japanese graded reading material. You need to create an account first though
Watanoc - Web magazine aimed at language learners in easy japanese. N5-N3. Contains audio, pictures and you can hover over unknown words to reveal the meaning.
Soseki Product - This website is dedicated to the works of Natsume Sōseki and it's also aimed at language learners so there's furigana, audio and translation. These novels are from the 1900s so it might be a bit difficult but I think it's really fun
MeikaSensei - Blog posts aimed at beginners. There's beginner versions and intermediate versions of the same post. Contains furigana
Bunsuke - Contains excerpts from books with translations and vocabulary lists. Also has links to the books used. Made by a fellow language learner :)
Ehon - Picture books aimed for 0-6 year olds. Doesn't seem to contain kanji. Some books contain audio
Lingual ninja - This website is for learning hiragana/katakana/grammar/vocab/kanji but it also has a folktales section that contains audio, vocab lists and optional furigana. There's also youtube videos of each story available
yomou syosetu - Over a million free novels! I believe a lot of it is user-submitted works
Syosetsu - Similar to the above.
Bookwalker (jp) - You can read the first few volumes of manga for free here. There's also light novels and doujinshi
Aozora Bunko - digital library that contains a lot of out of copyright books
Note - User submitted posts about various topics
Easy NHK News - News in easy japanese. Contains furigana.
NHK News - The news. In Japanese
Apps
Pibo - Picture books aimed at children
Todaii - Aimed at language learners. News with furigana and pop up dictionary.
Satori Reader - Paid
Yomu Yomu - First 3 chapters are free on every story
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竟 - jìng - finally, at last, after all
竟然 - jìngrán - unexpectedly, surprisingly
竟自 - jìngzì - unexpectedly, to one's surprise
镜 - jìng - mirror glass
镜头 - jìngtóu - camera lens
镜片 - jìngpiàn - lens
镜花水月 - jìnghuāshuǐyuè - flowers in a mirror or moon in the water (a very pretty idiom with the meaning of an illusion)
暗 - àn - dark, secret
暗暗 - ànàn - secretly
暗淡 - àndàn - dim, faint, dark
暗察明坊 - ànchámíngfāng - to investigate and understand a situation using various methods
境 - jìng - boundary, area, region
境界 - jìngjiè - boundary, a state
环境 - huánjìng - environment
入境 - rùjìng - to enter a country
出境 - chūjìng - to exit a country
韵 - yùn - rhyme, vowel
韵律 - yùnlǜ - prosody (the metrical rules such as tone patterns, rhyme, and parallelism used in poetry)
韵文 - yùnwén - a literary genre that arranges sentences according to a specific rhythm (e.g. specific types of poems such as Tang poetry, etc)
韵人韵事 - yùnrényùnshì - a charming man enjoys charming interests (an idiom meaning elegant people doing elegant things basically e.g. drinking tea under a moon, painting or playing instruments.)
谙 - ān - versed in, acquainted with
谙练 - ānliàn - skilled, proficient in something
深谙 - shēnān - to know something very well
深谙世故 - shēnānshìgù - having seen much of life, well-versed in life
韶 - sháo - originally this was name of an ancient musical piece, said to have been created during the time of Emperor Shun. Later, it's meaning changed to mean something beautiful.
韶光 - sháoguāng - beautiful
韶华似水 - sháohuásìshuǐ - time/youth passes like flowing water
黯 - àn - dark, sullen, dreary
黯淡 - àndàn - similar to 暗淡, meaning dark and gloomy
黯然失色 - ànránshīsè - to be cast into the shadows/ to be overlooked
黯黑 - ànhēi - pitch dark
喑 - yīn - mute
喑哑 - yīnyǎ - mute
万马齐喑 - wànmǎqíyīn - 10 thousand horses standing mute (an idiom meaning a situation where no one dares to speak up)
歆 - xīn - to like, admire
歆慕 - xīn mù - to admire something
歆羡 - xīn xiàn - same meaning, also means to admire something
薏 - yì - lotus seed, seeds of job's tears ( a plant)
薏仁米 - yìrén mǐ - Job's tears
洋薏仁 - yáng yìrén - a type of barley
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Anya is live and ready to show you everything. Watch her strip, dance, and perform exclusive shows just for you. Interact in real-time and make your fantasies come true.
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Anya is LIVE right now
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