languages etc

 What is Occitan?

Occitan is a Romance minority language closely related to Catalan spoken across four sovereign states: Southern France, Spain, Italy and Monaco. Although it has never been legally recognised as a political entity, this area is historically known as Occitania. 

Occitan is called both occitan and lenga d’òc by its native speakers, and it is currently split into six main varieties (or dialects):

Gascon, which includes Bearnese and Aranese, spoken in France and Spain respectively

Languedocien (spoken in France)

Limousin (France)

Auvergnat (France)

Provençal, which includes Nissart, spoken in Nice, France

Vivaro-Alpine (Occitan Valleys and Guardia Piemontese, Calabria, Italy)

It should be noted that, because Catalan has a high degree of mutual intelligibility with Occitan, it was considered a dialect of Occitan until the 19th century. At any rate, the two languages are sometimes grouped together in the Occitano-Romance subgroup of Romance languages.

Occitan resources

Occitan

Standard Occitan grammar (in Occitan)

Occitan orthography (in Occitan)

Descriptive Occitan grammar (in English)

Occitan sense peine (in French)

Brief Occitan grammar (in French)

Occitan for beginners (in Italian)

Introduction to Occitan grammar (in Catalan)

Introduction to Occitan literature (in Catalan)

Online Occitan course (Vivaro-Alpine variety) (in Occitan and Italian)

Occitan literature from the Occitan Valleys (in Occitan and Italian)

Occitan-Catalan dictionary

Provençal

Modern Provençal: Part 1 (in English)

Modern Provençal: Part 2

Modern Provençal: Part 3

Modern Provençal: Part 4

Basic grammar & common phrases (in French)

Nissart classes by Doc Tiblon (Youtube channel in French and Nissart subs)

Aranese (Gascon subdialect, official in Catalonia)

Standard basic Aranese grammar (in Aranese)

Basic dictionary (in Aranese)

Phonetic dictionary (in Aranese)

Orthographic dictionary (in Aranese)

Aranese verbs (in Aranese)

Famous literary works translated into Aranese

Aranese and General Occitan - Four studies (in Occitan)

Online official Aranese course (in Aranese)

Conselh Generau d’Aran

Online dictates of different levels

Institut d’estudis aranesi

Aranese TV

1) On est pas sortis de l’auberge We’re in a mess (litt. We’re not out of the hostel) Ex: On a encore trois dossiers à remplir, on est pas sortis de l’auberge

2) Faire quelque chose les doigts dans le nez To do something easily (litt. To do something with the fingers in the nose) Ex: Ils ont gagné les doigts dans le nez

3) C’est culcul la praline It’s childish/ridiculous (litt. It’s ass-ass the praline) Ex: Léa est super fan de HelloKitty, c’est culcul la praline

4) En faire un fromage To make a big deal of something (litt. To make a cheese of something) Ex: Victor a perdu et il en a fait tout un fromage

5) Etre copain comme cochon To be best friends (litt. To be as friends as pigs) Ex: Depuis l’année dernière, Matthieu et Valentin sont copains comme cochons

6) Ne pas pousser Mémé dans les orties Don’t push it (litt. Don’t push Grandma in the nettle) Ex: Tu m’en demande trop, faut pas pousser mémé dans les orties

7) Etre con comme un manche à balai To be an idiot (litt. To be as dumb as a broom) Ex: C’est pas possible, Thomas est con comme un manche à balai!

8) Devenir chèvre Becoming silly (litt. Becoming a goat) Ex: Elle me fait devenir chèvre

9) Etre sur son 31 To wear elegant/fancy clothes (litt. To be on one’s 31) Ex: Je me suis mise sur mon 31 pour le mariage de mon frère

10) Tomber dans les pommes Fainting (litt. To fall in the apples) Ex: Michel est tombé dans les pommes quand sa fille est née

11) Il y a quelque chose qui cloche There’s something wrong (litt. There’s something ringing) Ex: C’est trop silencieux, il y a quelque chose qui cloche

12) Avoir le cafard To be sad (litt. To have the cockroach) Ex: Depuis que Marine l’a quitté, Mattéo a le cafard

13) C’est la fin des haricots It’s the end of everything (litt. It’s the end of the beans) (almost always used ironically) Ex: L’Equipe de France a perdu, c’est la fin des haricots!

14) Coûter les yeux de la tête To cost an arm and a leg (litt. To cost the eyes of the head) Ex: Le nouvel iphone coûte les yeux de la tête

15) Arriver comme un cheveu sur la soupe Entering a situation at a bad time (litt. To arrive like a hair in the soup) Ex: Raphaël est arrivé dans la conversation comme un cheveu sur la soupe

16) Metrre son grain de sel To give an unsolicitated opinion (litt. To put one’s seed of salt) Ex: Sophie m’énerve à toujours mettre son grain de sel de partout!

17) Faire la grasse matinée To sleep late in the morning (litt. To do the fat morning) Ex: Après la soirée d’hier, j’ai fait la grasse matinée

18) Avoir un coup de foudre To fall in love instantly with someone Ex: Louis a eu un coup de foudre pour Jade

19) Sauter du coq à l’âne To jump to a new topic in a conversation without any transition (litt. To jump from the rooster to the donkey) Ex: Il passe du coq à l’âne pour éviter d’avoir une conversation sérieuse

‘Tis the season for spooky specters, haunting happenings and ghastly ghouls, so what better kanji compound to look into than kikokushushu, a feeling of (supernatural) terror?

Kikokushushu (鬼哭啾々)

Meaning: Spine-chilling, hair-raising, bloodcurdling, terrifying, alarming, scary

It’s usually used in two scenarios:

Case 1: A situation where a ghost is wailing or crying

Case 2: That uncanny feeling that something is “off,” hints that something dreadful is afoot, or when you see or hear something that gives you goosebumps.

Bookoween

currently reading A Gathering of Shadows

Lisbon, 1965.

The 訳 (わけ) Masterpost

The word 訳 (わけ) variously translates to “meaning, reason, cause, conclusion derived from reasoning, judgment based on context.” (Some of these definitions could be considered the opposite of each other, which is what marks the complexity of this word and the grammar patterns that derive from it.) 

Grammar Patterns that Employ 訳 (わけ):

1.) ~訳だ - “reason” or “for that reason~, as you’d expect~, that’s why~, etc.” 2.) ~という訳だ - “for that reason~, as you’d expect~, that’s why~, etc.” 3.) ~訳ではない - “it’s not like~” 4.) ~訳がない -  “there’s no way that~, it can’t be that~” 5.) ~訳には行かない - “must~, must not~, cannot afford to~, impossible~”

#01. Two Meanings of  訳 (わけ) when used in simple, positive construction of  ~訳だ (“reason” or “for that reason~, as you’d expect~, that’s why~, etc.”):

a.) Expressing a Reason

When used in its purest form, as a standalone word, 訳 (わけ) is often comparable to the most commonly used word for “reason,” 理由 (りゆう) and is even interchangeable with it in many cases.

Example(s):  (理由/わけ)もなく (Riyuu/wake) mo naku “without reason”

わけを話す Wake o hanasu “to state one’s reason, to tell one’s story”

どういうわけか Douiu wake ka “For what reason?”

というわけで Toiu wake de “for this reason, because of this (reason), with this (reason)” *Not only is this a slight variation of one of the というわけだ grammar pattern covered, it is also a very common sentence-opening phrase, so much so that at times it is even used without any intent of its meaning/function of referring to the “reasoning” that was just established. For example an utterance of というわけで can translate to “anyway…, in any case…, so with that all said and done” in which the speaker is attempting to change the subject as opposed to refer to the last thing said as the reasoning for something. This can be commonly heard on television programs such as talk shows where the host has move things along into the next segment. 

b.) Expressing a Conclusion/Result (which is quite the opposite to a reason)

However, when we interpret  訳 (わけ) for its other definitions of “result, conclusion derived from reasoning, judgment based on context” instead, it can be used as such to express not so much the reason behind something but rather the result/conclusion of something else that is acting as the reason/context. (This is its much more common usage and will also be the definition we will want to interpret for the numerous more advanced grammar patterns later on.) 

Common intentions behind usage of this grammar pattern are making a logical conclusion based on some established information, expressing an understanding or acknowledgement of the established information by concluding something from it, and restating the information established but from a different angle (the word つまり will often by seen alongside this usage). For this reason, this version now variously translates to “for that reason~, so as you would expect~, no wonder~, that’s why~, this means~, as a result~, based on this~, essentially~, basically~. naturally~” In short, context is very important.

Construction: Plain-Form VERB + 訳だ い-ADJECTIVE + 訳だ な-ADJECTIVE + (な/だった) + 訳だ NOUN + (な/だった) + 訳だ *In line with 訳 (わけ) expressing a conclusion based upon contextual details, the following examples provided will each either include two sentences or a sentence with two clauses (in which the first will provide and context, or reason, for the conclusion made in the second).

Example(s):

雨が降っていた。道がぬれているわけだ。 Ame ga futte ita. Michi ga nurete iru wake da. ”It’s been raining. That’s why the road is wet.” ＊Making a logical conclusion based on some established information

彼はまだ１４歳なのに、大学レベルの授業を取っている。 Kare wa mada 14 sai na no ni, daigaku level no jyugyou o totte iru. He’s taking university level courses even though he’s only 14 years old. つまり、天才という訳か。 So basically, he’s a genius. ＊Expressing an understanding or acknowledgement of the established information by concluding something from it

彼女は５年間日本に住んでいました。 Kanojo wa 5 nenkan nihon ni sunde imashita. She lived in Japan for five years before this. あ、そうですか？つまり、日本語がとても上手なわけですね。 ”Oh, is that so? So naturally, she must be really good at speaking Japanese.” ＊Restating the information established but from a different angle

#02. ~という訳だ as “for that reason~, as you’d expect~, that’s why~, etc.”

Construction: Plain-Form VERB + という訳だ い-ADJECTIVE + という訳だ な-ADJECTIVE + という訳だ NOUN + という訳だ

The grammar pattern ~という訳だ actually frequently interchangeable with ~訳だ  and only really differs from it in that it does not have two different uses.  ~という訳だ emphasizes the second usage of  ~訳だ (“for that reason~, so as you would expect~, no wonder~, that’s why~, this means~, as a result~, based on this~, essentially~, basically~. naturally~”) and is thus useful is knowing when 訳 is intended to mean “reason” or “result/conclusion.”

Example(s):

学園都市はなんでも近いから、運転免許がなくても生活できるというわけだ。 Gakuentoshi wa nandemo chikai kara, untenmenkyo ga nakutemo seikatsu dekiru touiu wake da. “In college towns everything is nearby, so (it means/it’s such) that you can manage daily life even if you don’t have a driver’s license.”

Example of Differentiation: 

そうか。誰も返事しないわけだ。 Sou ka. Daremo henji shinai wake da. ”I see. That’s the reason why no one will answer.” ＊This is literally stating that what was said in the sentence before is the reason no one will answer.

そうか。誰も返事しないというわけだ。 Sou ka Daremo henji shinai toiu wake da. ”I see. This means that no one is going to answer.” ＊On the other hand, this is making a statement about the current situation/result in which no one answer.

#03. ~訳ではない as “it’s not like~”

As might be predicted from the grammar (since it is simply the negative form of 訳だ), 訳ではない literally translates to “is not the reason for~.” However, the more natural meaning of the expression is something along the lines of “it’s not like~.” Here, we are again employing 訳’s variant definition of “conclusion based upon something said, something heard, or other such contextual clues,” or more simply, “result,” as opposed to “reason.” By doing so, our literal translation of the grammar pattern, which is now “it’s not the result~,” actually becomes more fitting to its actual meaning. Other phrasings that this grammar pattern could translate to include “it’s not as though~,” “it’s not the case that~,” “it doesn’t have much to do with~,” “it doesn’t mean that~,” “it’s not the case that~,” “not necessarily~,” “not altogether~,” “not particularly~,” etc. 

In short, 訳ではない is used when we want to deny the “result” partially but not completely. The word choice in most of the translations above denote this nuance of partial denial.

Construction:

Plain-Form VERB + (という) + 訳ではない い-ADJECTIVE + (という) + 訳ではない な-ADJECTIVE + (な/だという) + 訳ではない  *Parenthesis is not optional in this な-ADJECTIVE case, either method needs to be used.   NOUN + (という) + 訳ではない 

Example(s):

難しいわけじゃない Muzukashii wake jyanai “it’s not that hard”

完璧なわけではない Kanpeki na wake dewanai “it’s not like it’s perfect”

不可能だというわけではない Fukanou da toiu wake dewanai “it’s not necessarily impossible”

天才というわけじゃない Tensai toiu wake jyanai “it’s not like he’s a genius/he’s not necessarily a genius”

何でも知っているわけじゃない Nandemo shitte iru wake jyanai “It’s not like I know everything”

いつも部屋でゲームするわけではない Itsumo heya de game suru wake dewanai “It’s not like I’m always in my room just playing games”

誰でもプロになれるわけじゃないよ Daredemo pro ni nareru wake jyanaiyo “not everyone has what it takes to become a pro”

どんな勝負もみんな勝てるわけではない Donna shoubu mo minna kateru wake dewanai “you can’t win them all”

私はいつも元気だというわけではない Watashi wa itsumo genki toiu wake dewanai “It’s not like I’m always full of spirit.”

それは決まったわけではない Sore wa kimatta wake dewanai “That’s not necessarily decided upon.”

勘違いしないでよね、べつにあんたの事が好きなわけじゃないんだから Kanchigai shinaide yo ne. Betsu ni anta no koto ga suki na wake jyanai da kara “Don’t get me wrong! It’s not like I like you or anything!” *In this signature tsundere line frequent in anime and dramas, note how the speaker is only partially denying that they have feelings for the addressee in line with the tsundere personality but is not completely denying it.

彼女の友達になれなかったが友達作りができないわけではない。 Kanojo no tomodachi ni narenakatta ga tomodachi tsukuri ga dekinai wake dewanai “Just because you weren’t able to become friends with that girl doesn’t mean that you won’t be able to make any friends at all.”

#04. ~訳がない as “there’s no way that~, it can’t be that~“ 

The grammar 訳がない is often confused with 訳ではない, and that’s understandably so; both grammar patterns use the word 訳, use the negative form of the word ある, and use subject/topic marking particles が and は (which themselves are even more often confused with each other).   *This grammar pattern can actually be used as 訳はない as well, albeit it is less common than 訳がない. Much more often, in casual speech, the usage of particles が or は is dropped completely.

*The phrase わけない (sometimes even used as わけもない) is also used to express that something is very easy or simple. (Ex. わけもないことであった - “it was a simple act to pull off”) It is rather simple itself however to know when this version is being used because it grammatically acts in the same way as an adjective word. 

Despite this similarity in the construction, these two grammar patterns have completely opposite meanings in a way, in that 訳ではない expresses a softened and partial negation of something while 訳がない (“it’s not like~”) expresses an emphasized and outright negation of something (“there’s no way~”). 訳がない’s meaning should come as more intuitive from the grammar of it’s construction. As the word 訳 means “reason” and がない (the Negative-Form of がある) means “to not be, to not exist, to not have,” this construction literally translates to “there is not reason that~,” which can then naturally transition into “there’s no way that~, it’s impossible that~, it can’t be that~.”

Construction: Plain-Form VERB + (という) + 訳がない *Most commonly exhibited in present tense い-ADJECTIVE + 訳がない な-ADJECTIVE + な + 訳がない NOUN + (の/である) + 訳がない

Example(s):

僕の妹がこんなに可愛いわけがない Boku no imouto ga konnani kawaii wake ga nai “there’s no way my little sister can be this cute/my little sister can’t be this cute”

ぼくが嘘をつくわけないだろう? Boku ga uso o tsuku wake nai darou? “There’s no way that I would be lying, is there?!”

そんなわけがない sonna wake ga nai “There’s no way that’s true/That can’t be true!/That’s impossible!”

いるわけない Iru wakenai “There’s no way I would want that”

この大切な記憶を忘れるわけがない。 Kono taisetsu na kioku o wasureru wake ga nai “There’s no way I’ll forget this precious memory.”

彼女が私を気に入るわけがない。 Kanojo ga watashi o ki ni iru wake ga nai “There’s no way she’d be interested in me.”

この広いアパートは安いわけがない Kono hiroi aparto wa yasui wake ga nai “This spacious apartment can’t be cheap”

彼はいつも遅刻する、真面目な学生であるわけがない Kare wa itsumo chikoku suru, majime na gakusei de aru wake ga nai “That guy is always showing up late, there’s no way he’s a serious student”

その方法はたくさんの欠点がある。効果的なわけがない。 Sono houhou wa takusan no ketten ga aru. Koukateki na wake ga nai “That approach is full of drawbacks. There’s no way it’ll be effective.”

#05.  ~訳には行かない as “must (not)~, it is not okay to~, have no choice but to~, can’t afford to~, impossible to~ (although one may want to)”

The grammar ~訳にはいかない has the same meaning as the basic grammar pattern ～てはいけない, which most commonly translates to “must not do~.” It is, however, much less common due to it being more formal. It also expresses a stronger emphasis. 

*Worth noting is that  ~訳にはいかない exhibits a unique case of いかない as opposed to いけない.

While ～てはいけない requires the て-Form of a VERB word or the “て-Form” of a Negative- ない-Form VERB word, ~訳にはいかない instead either requires the Dictionary-Form of a VERB word or the Negative-ない-Form to mean “must not do VERB” and “must do VERB” respectively. (The positive usage of a verb results in a negative statement and vice versa due to the negative nature of the phrases いけない and いかない.)

Construction:

Dictionary-Form VERB +  訳には行かない = “must not VERB” Negative-ない-Form +  訳には行かない = “must VERB” (must not not VERB) *The polite version is 訳にはいきません

Example(s):

妹は一人で家にいますから真っ直ぐ帰宅しないわけには行かない。 Imouto wa hitori de uchi ni imasu kara massugu kitaku shinai wake niwa ikanai. (My sister is at home alone right now so I must return straight home.)

この贈り物を受け取るわけにはいきません。 Kono okurimono o uketoru wake ni wa ikimasen It’s not possible for me to accept this gift.

彼はこのチームのエースの。辞めさせるわけには行かないよ。 Kare wa kono team no ace no. Yamesaseru wake niwa ikanai yo. He is the ace of this team. We can’t afford to let him quit.

僕は指名運転者だから酔うわけにはいかない Boku wa shimeiuntensha da kara you wake ni wa ikanai I’m the designated driver tonight so I can’t afford to get intoxicated.

一つの規準ですべてを律するわけには いかない。 Hitotsu no kijun de subete o rissuru wake ni wa ikanai You mustn’t judge everything single thing by one standard.

そうやすやすと引き下がるわけにはいきませんよ。  Sou yasuyasu to hikisagaru wake ni wa ikimasenyo I cannot afford to back down so easily. 

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Masterpost of Free Gothic Literature & Theory

Classics Vathek by William Beckford Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë The Woman in White  & The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins Carmilla by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu The Turn of the Screw by Henry James The Monk by Matthew Lewis The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Melmoth the Wanderer by Charles Maturin The Vampyre; a Tale by John Polidori Collected Works of Edgar Allan Poe Confessions of an English Opium-Eater by Thomas De Quincey The Mysteries of Udolpho by Ann Radcliffe The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Dracula by Bram Stoker The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde Frankenstein; Or, The Modern Prometheus by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley

Short Stories and Poems An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge by Ambrose Bierce Songs of Innocence & Songs of Experience by William Blake The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge The King in Yellow by Robert W. Chambers The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Pre-Gothic Beowulf The Divine Comedy  by Dante Alighieri A Journal of the Plague Year by Daniel Defoe Faust by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe Paradise Lost by John Milton Macbeth by William Shakespeare Oedipus, King of Thebes by Sophocles The Duchess of Malfi by John Webster

Gothic-Adjacent Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen The Wendigo by Algernon Blackwood Jane Eyre & Villette by Charlotte Brontë Lyrical Ballads, With a Few Other Poems by Coleridge and Wordsworth The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Charles Dickens The Idiot & Demons (The Possessed) by Fyodor Dostoyevsky The Man in the Iron Mask by Alexandre Dumas Moby-Dick by Herman Melville The Island of Doctor Moreau by H. G. Wells

Historical Theory and Background The French Revolution of 1789 by John S. C. Abbott Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth by A. C. Bradley The Tale of Terror: A Study of the Gothic Romance by Edith Birkhead On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History by Thomas Carlyle Demonology and Devil-Lore by Moncure Daniel Conway Ancient Pagan and Modern Christian Symbolism by Inman and Newton On Liberty by John Stuart Mill The Social Contract & Discourses by Jean-Jacques Rousseau Feminism in Greek Literature from Homer to Aristotle by Frederick Wright