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Phylum Chordata: The animal kingdom was divided into several major groups or phyla of animals. Here we will seen the what is phylum chordata and their general characters. Phylum Chordata Currently animals are divided into 30 phyla and last group of animal kingdom is called phylum Chordata.  The name chordata was suggested by Balfour in 1880 and the name is derived from two Greek words i.e.…

Fish Pond Productivity: Fish farming is an essential aspect of aquaculture, providing a sustainable source of protein for human consumption. To ensure a successful and thriving fish pond, it is crucial to understand the factors influencing productivity and implement effective management practices. Fish Pond Productivity Factors Responsible Fish pond productivity refers to the ability of a pond to…

Rotary and Rocking Microtome: Microtomes are essential tools in the field of histology, allowing to thin tissue sections for microscopic analysis. Most commonly used microtome are the rotary and rocking microtomes. Understanding their uses, handling methods, and precautions is crucial for producing accurate results in both medical and scientific research. Rotary and Rocking Microtome Rotary…

Nephridia: Nephridia are excretory organs found in many invertebrates, such as annelids (e.g., earthworms), mollusks, and some arthropods. Nephridia are excretory organs found in many invertebrates, such as annelids (earthworms), mollusks, and some arthropods. They play a role similar to kidneys in vertebrates, helping to remove metabolic waste from the organism’s body. The basic function of…

Coelomate Animals: Here we can study the museum specimens of celomate animals their classification and characteristic. Coelomate animals are those that possess a true coelom, a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue. This group includes a wide variety of animals, from simple invertebrates (Mollusks, Annelids, Arthropods and Echniodermata) to complex vertebrate (Chordata)…

Ascaris lumbricoides: Ascaris lumbricoides is a large parasitic roundworm that commonly infects humans. It’s one of the most prevalent parasitic infections globally, affecting an estimated 807 million to 1.2 billion people. Ascaris lumbricoides Classification: Phylum …. AschelminthesClass …. NematodaOrder …. AscaroideaGenus …. AscarisSpecies …. lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides is an…

Microtechniques: Microtechniques are specialized methods used to prepare biological samples for microscopic examination. These techniques involve a series of steps that preserve the structure of the sample, allow for thin sectioning, and stain specific components for better visualization under a microscope. Rat is dissected and Ovary/Testis, Intestine or kidney is taken out and fixed in Bouin’s…

Taenia solium: Taenia solium, commonly known as the pork tapeworm, is a parasitic flatworm that infects both humans and pigs. Understanding its morphology is crucial not only for the identification and diagnosis of infections but also for developing effective treatments and preventive measures. This article delves into the detailed morphological features of Taenia solium. Its life history is…

Fasciola hepatica: Fasciola, often known as the common fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that lives in the liver and bile passages of vertebrates, including dogs, pigs, sheep, cattle, and rabbits. Fasciola hepatica An illness known as fascioliasis, or liver rot, is brought on by the several species of Fasciola, such as F. hepatica, the liver fluke of sheep, and F. gigantica, also known as F.…

Reproduction in Paramoecium: Paramecium reproduces asexually by transverse binary fission and also undergoes several types of nuclear reorganisation, such as conjugation, endomixis, autogamy, cytogamy and hemixis, etc. Asexual Reproduction in Paramoecium Asexual reproduction is the more common mode of reproduction in protozoa. It allows for rapid population growth under favorable conditions.…

Locomotion in Amoeba and Euglena: Locomotion refers to the ability of an organism to move from one place to another. In unicellular organisms, locomotion is typically achieved through specialized structures or cellular processes that propel the organism forward. Locomotion in Amoeba and Euglena Amoeba moves using a unique form of locomotion called amoeboid movement, which involves the formation…

Embedding in Histopathology: Embedding is the process in which the tissues or the specimens are enclosed in a mass of the embedding medium using a mould. Since the tissue blocks are very thin in thickness they need a supporting medium in which the tissue blocks are embedded. This supporting medium is called embedding medium. Various embedding substances are paraffin wax, celloidin, synthetic…

Phylum Mollusca: It is the second largest phylum in animal kingdom and consists of over 150,000 marine, freshwater and terrestrial species. Mollusca, the second largest animal phylum after Arthropoda, is a diverse group of soft-bodied invertebrates . They are found in almost all aquatic environments, from freshwater to the deepest parts of the ocean, as well as on land in moist or humid places.…

Annelida: The phylum annelida was first coined by LAMARCK (1801) (Gr., annulus – little ring + eidos – form) for the higher segmented worms. There are around 16500 species included in the phylum Annelida. Appearence of metamerism represents their greatest Advancement, so they are called a Segmented worms. The unique characteristic of the phylum Annelida is metamerism. The body is divided into a…

Aschelminthes: It also referred to as Nemathelminthes, it is an invertebrates phylum which includes roundworms. Defination: They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and pseudocoelomate animals with organ system of organization. Excretion involves a giant excretory cell called Renette cell. They have tube-within-tube type of body plan. Nemathelminthes group are created by Gwgenbaur in…

Carbohydrate: The carbohydrates are a group of naturally occurring carbonyl compounds (aldehydes or ketones) that also contain several hydroxyl groups. Carbohydrate are the most abundant organic molecules in nature and also referred to as “saccharides”. The carbohydrates which are soluble in water and sweet in taste are called as “sugars”. Structure of Carbohydrate Carbohydrates consist of…