Why science gets debunked so much.
Why science gets #debunked all the time and is highly untrustworthy. Reasons why there is #foolish science worshippers probably still remember how gullible people are believing the earth grows lol, here are ten of the most popular and influential scientific discoveries were consequently proven wrong, debunked and replaced with more modern theories. After been paid and supported by people with zero understanding, wisdom, or knowledge. Great thing is just proving the Word of God never changes and is the pinnacle of truth without the need for those small 3 lb brain manmade science theories which is for depraved gullible minds only.
1- FleischmannβPonsβs Nuclear Fusion
Cold fusion is a supposed kind of nuclear reaction that would occur at relatively low temperatures compared with hot fusion. As a new type of nuclear reaction, it gained much popularity after reports in 1989 by famous electrochemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann. The craze about cold fusion became weaker as other scientists, after trying to repeat the experiment, failed to get similar results.
1a β One of Modern Scienceβs Greatest Misconceptions
The misconception that mass is destroyed in nuclear reactions.
Now widely considered as a pseudoscience, phrenology was the study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties. Modern scientific research wiped it out by proving that personality traits could not be traced to specific portions of the brain.
The Blank Slate theory (or Tabula rasa), widely popularized by John Locke in 1689, proposed that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that their knowledge comes from experience and perception. Modern research suggests that genes and other family traits inherited from birth, along with innate instincts of course, also play a very important role.
The aether (or ether) was a mysterious substance that was thought to transmit light through the universe. The idea of a luminiferous aether was debunked as experiments in the diffraction and refraction of light, and later Einsteinβs special theory of relativity, came along and entirely revolutionized physics.
5- Einsteinβs Static (or Stationary) Universe
A static universe, also called a βstationaryβ or βEinsteinβ universe, was a model proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. It was problematic from the beginning. Edwin Hubbleβs discovery of the relationship between red shift obliterated it by completely demonstrating that the universe is constantly expanding.
The Martian canals were a network of gullies and ravines that some 19th century scientists erroneously thought to exist on Mars. First detected in 1877 by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli, modern telescopes and imaging technology completely debunked the myth. The βcanalsβ were actually found to be a mere optical illusion.
First postulated in 1667 by German physician Johann Joachim Becher, Phlogiston Theory is an obsolete scientific theory regarding the existence of βphlogistonβ, a fire-like element, which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The theory tried to explain burning processes such as combustion and the rusting of metals, which are now jointly termed as βoxidationβ.
8- The Expanding or Growing Earth
The Expanding Earth or Growing Earth is a hypothesis suggesting that the position and relative movement of continents is dependent on the volume of the Earth increasing. Modern science has turned down any expansion or contraction of the Earth.
9- Discovery of the Planet Vulcan
A small planet that was supposed to exist in an orbit between Mercury and the Sun, French mathematician Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier coined the name βVulcanβ while trying to explain the nature of Mercuryβs orbit. No such planet was ever discovered, while the orbit of Mercury was explained in detail by Albert Einsteinβs theory of general relativity.
10- Spontaneous (or Equivocal) Generation
Spontaneous generation or equivocal generation is an obsolete principle concerning the origin of life from inanimate matter. The hypothesis was brought out by Aristotle who advocated the work of earlier natural philosophers. It was proven wrong in the 19th century by the experiments of Louis Pasteur, drawing influence from Francesco Redi who was an early proponent of germ theory and cell theory.
#science#fypγ·#love#maths#theory
Common Science Health Errors proving to only trust the Wisdom/Understanding of God not some little, tiny 3lb man brain.
1. The tobacco smoke enema
In the late 1700s, tobacco started to arrive on English shores from the Americas. Along with it came the idea that, when used as an enema, tobacco smoke could cure a wide range of ailments. As the name suggests, a tobacco smoke enema involves literally blowing smoke up the patientβs rectum.
The so-called pipe smoker London Medic would use the technique on those who fell into the river Thames and were near-drowned. Tobacco smoke enemas were thought to both warm the patient from within and stimulate respiration. The Royal Human Society left resuscitation kits β including the equipment necessary to carry out a tobacco enema β at certain points along the river.
One particularly graphic description from 1746 is described in a paper published in The LancetTrusted Source. βA manβs wife was pulled from the water apparently dead,β it says.
βAmid much conflicting advice, a passing sailor proffered his pipe and instructed the husband to insert the stem into his wifeβs rectum, cover the bowl with a piece of perforated paper, and βblow hard.β Miraculously, the woman revived.β
Word of their benefits quickly spread, and people were soon using tobacco smoke enemas to treat everything from headaches and abdominal cramps to typhoid and cholera.
As people were using the tobacco enema to treat increasingly serious diseases, the danger to the βmedicβ also increased.
For instance, if a practitioner were to accidentally breathe in rather than blow out β perhaps during a bout of tobacco-induced coughing β cholera flagellates could pass into their lungs and inflict them, fatally. Thankfully, the introduction of bellows made the job slightly less hazardous.
In the early 1800s, tobacco was shown to cause damage to the heart, and the tobacco enema fad thankfully began to decline.
In the old days, infant mortality was sky high; and much of the time, the reason for death was wholly unknown.
Teething used to be considered much more dangerous than it is today.
Children frequently died at 6 months to 2 years of age, which, coincidentally, was around the time their first teeth were coming through.
The medical minds of the day thought this might not be a simple coincidence, so they concluded that the process of teething was also the cause of infant death.
In England and Wales in 1839, for instance, over 5,000 deaths. Source were attributed to teething. Even by 1910, the figure was 1,600.
So, how did physicians combat the evils of teething? Unfortunately for those children involved, they developed a wide array of interventions, including bleeding, blistering, and placing leeches on the gums. In some cases, they even burned the back of the babyβs head.
During the 16th century, French surgeon Ambroise ParΓ© (1510β1590) introduced gum lancing, and this became the preferred method. A paper published in The Lancet explains just how popular lancing babyβs gums became:
βJohn Hunter (1728β93) would lance a babyβs gums βup to 10 times.β J Marion Sims (1813β83) treated his first patient, a baby of 18 months old: βas soon as I saw some swelling of the gums, I at once took out my lancet and cut the gums down to the teeth.'β
The author continues, βThe physician Marshall Hall (1790β1857) wrote that he would rather lance a childβs gums 199 times unnecessarily than omit it once if necessary and he instructed his students to do it before, during, and after the teeth appeared, sometimes twice a day.β
It is as yet unknown how many children died from infections that likely developed following such procedures.
Lancing petered out, but it did not disappear for a surprisingly long time. Even as late as 1938, a dentistry textbook offered instructions for gum lancing a teething child.
If nothing else, this chapter is a reminder of how barbaric humans can be without the slightest intention of being so.
3. Improve your smile the cheap way
Today, urine has few everyday uses β which is a shame considering its wide availability. In Roman times, however, it was a different story.
Urine was such a popular commodity that people collected it from public urinals; there was even a tax to pay for those who profited from the sale of this golden liquid. Many of urineβs uses were nonmedical, such as the production of gunpowder or to soften leather.
One less savory use for urine, however, was as a tooth whitener. The ammonia allegedly helps clear teeth of their stains. I imagine it would do nothing to reduce morning breath, though.
Apparently, leaving the urine to fester for some time gives the urea time to convert into ammonia, which is an antibacterial and bleaching agent used in household cleaning products.
It was not only the Ancient Romans who used this teeth-whitening method; throughout history, it has been used by a number of people and, even today, some are tempted to give it a try. Note: Medical News Today do not recommend this as an intervention.
4. Stone Age brain surgery
In short, trepanning is the process of boring a hole into somebodyβs skull. It sounds as brutal as it is.
Share on Hieronymus Boschβs depiction of trepanning in his painting βThe Stone Cutting.β Image credit: Hieronymus Bosch via Wikimedia Commons.
Scientists have unearthed skulls bearing tell-tale holes from the Neolithic period onward.
Many consider trepanning the earliest surgery for which there is archeological evidence.
Trepanning was popular, too: an incredible 5β10 percent of all Neolithic skulls that scientists have so far dug up bear all the unmistakable marks of trepanning.
From ancient remains, itβs not always possible to tell whether the surgery was carried out before or after death β but some patients certainly were alive.
Against all odds, some ancient patients managed to survive the process. We know this because the skulls show evidence that healing had occurred.
Though mostly carried out on adult males, scientists have also found trepanning holes in the skulls of women and children.
During Neolithic times, the practice was β perhaps surprisingly β widespread. From a period when long-distance travel and the exchange of ideas was limited, experts have unearthed skulls bearing the marks of trepanning in Europe, Siberia, China, and the Americas; it was all the rage.
Trepanning did not die out with the Stone Age; it carried on through the classical period, and even as far as the Renaissance.
Today, similar surgical procedures still exist; but, as you might imagine, they involve a little more finesse and a lot more anesthetic.
For instance, specialists use craniotomies to treat some hematomas (wherein blood builds up between the skull, the brain, and the membranes in-between).
5. Heroin as a cough medicine
Coughs are common, annoying, and can ruin your day. Because of this, scientists designed various concoctions over the centuries to ward them off. However, it became increasingly clear that cough medicines do little, if anything, to soothe a cough.
One concoction that German drug company Bayer marketed held a particularly potent ingredient: heroin. The inclusion of this highly addictive substance was meant to replace opium, which had become a popular drug of abuse.
This over-the-counter (OTC) drug was promoted as including a βnon-addictive morphine substitute.β Although it soon became clear that heroin was incredibly addictive, too, the drug was marketed in 1898β1910.
In 1924, though, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned heroin from being sold, imported, and manufactured.
The question is, did heroin work any better than modern OTC cough suppressants? It appears not.
That brings us to the end of todayβs cabaret of horrors. However, before we become too content with todayβs comparative medical wisdom, hereβs my final thought: when we look back at todayβs medical practices in 100 yearsβ time, what current procedures, drugs, behaviors, or therapies will send us reeling with shock?
Only 20 years ago, it was normal to smoke cigarettes in restaurants, driving under the influence of alcohol was a common occurrence until the 1970s, and, in the 1960s, pregnant women regularly drank alcohol and smoked. What are we doing now that will surprise us in a few decades?
Humans are excellent at assuming that they have finally got it all worked out; but we never have.
Itβs hard to keep up with the treatment recommendations coming out of the medical community. One day something is good for you, and the next day itβs deadly and should be avoided. Addictive drugs like heroin were given to kids to cure coughs, electric shock therapy has been a long used treatment for impotence, and βmiracleβ diet pills were handed out like candy. Below are seven of the most shocking treatments recommended by doctors.
Some more crazy stories people got #brainwashed or destroyed in.
1. Snake OilβSalesmen and Doctors
While today a βsnake oil salesmanβ is someone who knowingly sells fraudulent goods, the use of snake oil has real, medicinal routes. Extracted from the oil of Chinese water snakes, it likely arrived in the United States in the 1800s, with the influx of Chinese workers toiling on the Transcontinental Railroad. Rich in omega-3 acids, it was used to reduce inflammation and treat arthritis and bursitis, and was rubbed on the workersβ joints after a long day of working on the railroad.
Enter Clark Stanley, βThe Rattlesnake King.β Originally a cowboy, Stanley claimed to have studied with a Hopi medicine man who turned him on to the healing powers of snake oil. He took this new found βknowledgeβ on the road, performing a show-stopping act at the Chicago Worldβs Fair in 1893, where he reached into a bag, grabbed a rattlesnake, cut it open, and squeezed it. He labeled the extract snake oil, even though the FDA later confirmed that his products didnβt contain any kind of snake oil, rattlesnake or otherwise. That didnβt stop other unscrupulous doctors and fraudulent salesmen, who also started traveling the American West, peddling bottles of fake snake oil, giving the truly beneficial medical treatment a bad name.
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Marshmallows Were Once Used As Medicine
2. CocaineβThe Wonder Drug
Advertisement for Cocaine Toothache Drops,1890.
In 1884, an Austrian ophthalmologist, Carl Koller, discovered that a few drops of cocaine solution put on a patientβs cornea acted as a topical anesthetic. It made the eye immobile and de-sensitized to pain, and caused less bleeding at the site of incisionβmaking eye surgery much less risky. News of this discovery spread, and soon cocaine was being used in both eye and sinus surgeries. Marketed as a treatment for toothaches, depression, sinusitis, lethargy, alcoholism, and impotence, cocaine was soon being sold as a tonic, lozenge, powder and even used in cigarettes. It even appeared in Sears Roebuck catalogues. Popular home remedies, such as Allenβs Cocaine Tablets, could be purchased for just 50 cents a box and offered relief for everything from hay fever, catarrh, throat troubles, nervousness, headaches, and sleeplessness. In reality, the side effects of cocaine actually caused many of the ailments it claimed to cureβcausing lack of sleep, eating problems, depression, and even hallucinations.
You didnβt need a doctorβs prescription to purchase it. Some states sold cocaine at bars, and it was, famously, one of the key ingredients in the soon-to-be ubiquitous Coca-Cola soft drink. By 1902, there were an estimated 200,000 cocaine addicts in the U.S. alone. In 1914, the Harrison Narcotic Act outlawed the production, importation, and distribution of cocaine.
3. VibratorsβCure Your Hysteria
We have 19th-century doctors to thank for the introduction of the vibrator, which was first advertised as a cure for a catch-all, female βdiseaseβ known as hysteria. Hysteria was believed to cause any number of maladies, including anxiety, irritability, sexual desire, insomnia, faintness, and a bloated stomachβso almost every woman showed some symptoms. The condition traced its roots back to ancient medical theories about βwandering wombs,β where a displaced (and discontented) uterus caused female ill health.
The treatment? A βpelvic massageβ that would induce βhysterical paroxysmββcommonly known as an orgasm. This job lay with Victorian doctors who manually massaged women. In an effort to spare the doctors this work, one ingenious practitioner named Dr. Joseph Mortimer Granville created a steam-powered, βelectromechanical medical instrument.β Nicknamed the βManipulator,β the device allowed women to give themselves home massages, allowing them to cure their βwandering wombs.β
4. Fen-PhenβA Miracle Pill for Weight Loss
Bottles of Phentermine and Fenfluramine, commonly known as Phen-Fen.
Todayβs weight-loss industry is an estimated $60 billion business, a large portion of which is spent on diet pills. And while the first fat-busting pills went on the market in the late 1880s, no other pills have had quite the speedy rise and fall as Fen-Phen did in the 1990s.Originally released into the market as two separate drugsβthe appetite suppressant Fenfluramine and the amphetamine Phentermineβthey were marketed as short-term diet aids, but proved largely ineffective on their own. In the late 1970s, however, the two products were combined by Dr. Michael Weintraub to create what became known as Fen-Phen. Weintraub conducted a single study with 121 patients over the course of four years. The patients, two-thirds of which were women, lost an average of 30 pounds with seemingly no side effectsβbut Weintraubβs study didnβt monitor the patientsβ hearts. The new miracle drug was first introduced into the market in 1992, and people could not get enough of it. Some doctors, looking for a quick way to make cash, operated βfen-phen mills,β where desperate patients looking to shed excess weight would pay anything for the pills. Soon, some 6 million Americans were using it.
In April 1996, after a contentious debate, the FDA agreed to approve the drug, pending a one-year trial. Almost immediately, reports of grave side effects started pouring in. That July, the Mayo Clinic said that 24 women taking fen-phen had developed serious heart valve abnormalities. Hundreds of more cases were reported, and by September 1997 the FDA had officially pulled fen-phen. In 1999, the American Home Products Corporation (the producers of fen-phen) agreed to pay a $3.75 billion settlement to those injured by taking the drug. More than 50,000 liability lawsuits were filed in the years following its withdrawal from the market, and patients are still able to file injury claims.
5. HeroinβThe Cure for a Cough (repeated hence the heroine problems in america)
How do you cure one drug epidemic? Create a new drug. Thatβs what happened in the late 1880s, when heroin was introduced as a safe and non-addictive substitute for morphine. Known as diamorphine, it was created by an English chemical researcher named C.R. Alder Wright in the 1870s, but it wasnβt until a chemist working for Bayer pharmaceuticals discovered Wrightβs paper in 1895 that the drug came to market.
Finding it to be five times more effectiveβand supposedly less addictiveβthan morphine, Bayer began advertising a heroin-laced aspirin in 1898, which they marketed towards children suffering from sore throats, coughs, and cold. Some bottles depicted children eagerly reaching for the medicine, with moms giving their sick kids heroin on a spoon. Doctors started to have an inkling that heroin may not be as non-addictive as it seemed when patients began coming back for bottle after bottle. Despite the pushback from physicians and negative stories about heroinβs side effects pilling up, Bayer continued to market and produce their product until 1913. Eleven years later, the FDA banned heroin altogether.
6. LobotomiesβHacking Away Troubled Brains
DR. WALTER FREEMAN PERFORMING A LOBOTOMY
Walter Freeman thought heβd found a way to alleviate the pain and distress of the mentally and emotionally ill. Instead, he created one of historyβs most horrific medical treatments. Freeman developed his procedure, which became known as a prefrontal lobotomy, based on earlier research by a Portuguese neurologist. Early versions of Freemanβs βcureβ involved drilling holes in the top of his patientsβ skulls, and later evolved into hammering an ice pick-like instrument through their eye sockets, to sever the connections between the frontal lobes and the thalamus, which he believed to be the part of the brain that dealt with human emotion. Freeman soon teamed up with James Watts, and after practicing on cadavers, they performed their first procedure on a live patient in 1936, a woman who suffered from agitated depression and sleeplessness. It was deemed a success. But subsequent surgeries were not. Patients were often left in a vegetative state, experienced relapses, and regressed physically and emotionally. As many as 15 percent died. One of the most infamous victims was Rosemary Kennedy, the sister of future President John F. Kennedy, who was left incapacitated and spent the rest of her life needing full-time care.
Freeman was as much a showman as he was a doctor, traveling to 23 states to demonstrate his miracle cure. In all, he performed some 3,439 lobotomiesβsome on patients not yet in their teens. And despite the obvious risks and lack of concrete success rates, hospitals willingly let Freeman continue, perhaps because lobotomized patients were considered βeasierβ to deal with. Everything changed in 1967, when Freeman performed a lobotomy on one of his original patients, a housewife living in Berkeley, California. This time, he severed a blood vessel and Mortenson died of a brain hemorrhageβfinally putting an end to Freemanβs haphazard brain hacking.
7. Shock TreatmentsβThe Cure for Impotence
The medical profession has had varying opinions on the causes, and possible cures, for impotence. The repressive Victorians honed in on a manβs βmoral weaknessβ as the cause for genital dysfunction, and by the 19th century impotence was thought to be caused by either an excess of sex or masturbation, or too little of it. As surgeon Samuel W. Gross noted in his book, Practical Treatise on Impotence, Sterility, and Allied Disorders of the Male Sexual Organs, βmasturbation, gonorrhea, sexual excesses, and constant excitement of the genital organs without gratification,β would lead to impotence.
Some doctors introduced βgalvanic baths,β or bathtubs filled with electrodes, which were supposed to restore sexual desire in just six sessions. Others took an even more localized approach, where rods with currents running through them were placed inside the manβs urethra. The treatment would last for five to eight minutes and would be repeated once or twice a week. This was thought to be particularly helpful for those with significant atrophy to the genital area.
Where a buck can be made off an insecure customer, then quack doctors and unsavory businessmen are sure to follow. By the late 1800s ads were running for βelectropathic beltsβ or βelectric beltsβ aimed at βweak men.β They claimed to help cure kidney pains, sciatic nerve issues, backaches, headaches, and nervous exhaustionβbut the underlying message was they could cure menβs sexual problems.
While today, impotence is seen as a blend of physical and mental issues, the belief that electric shock therapy is a useful cure for impotence still persists. Studies coming out of Haifa, Israel (2009) and San Francisco, California (2016) both claim there are merits to low-energy shock wave therapy to cure erectile dysfunction.
