the decembrist uprising is an attempted coup d'etat, which took place in st. petersburg, the capital of the russian empire, on december 14 (26), 1825.
the uprising was organized by a group of like-minded nobles, many of them were officers of the guard. they tried to use the guards to prevent the accession to the throne of nicholas I. the goal was to abolish autocracy and abolish serfdom. the uprising was very different from the plots of the era of palace coups in its goals and had the strongest resonance in russian society, significantly affecting the socio-political life of the subsequent era of the reign of nicholas I.
"russian truth" by pavel pestel. 1824 program document of the southern society of the decembrists. the full name is the state reserve certificate of the great russian people, which serves as a covenant for the improvement of russia and contains the correct order for both the people and the temporary supreme government, which has dictatorial powers.
in fact, the decembrists were the first political opposition in the history of russia, created on ideological grounds (and not, for example, in the order of the struggle of the court groups for access to power). soviet historians habitually started with them a chain of revolutionaries, which continued by herzen, petrashevists, narodniks, narodnaya volya and, finally, the bolsheviks. however, the decembrists were distinguished from them primarily by the fact that they were not obsessed with the idea of ββrevolution as such, did not say that any transformations were meaningless until the old order of things was overthrown and some utopian ideal future was proclaimed. they did not oppose the state, but served it and, moreover, were an important part of the russian elite. they were not professional revolutionaries living within the framework of a very specific and largely marginal subculture - like everyone who later succeeded them. they thought of themselves as possible assistants to alexander I in carrying out reforms, and if the emperor continued the line that he had so boldly begun before them, granting the constitution to poland in 1815, they would be happy to help him in this.
the situation was at an impasse: the officers did not know what to do next, and continued to keep troops in the square. the rebels were surrounded by government troops, a shootout occurred. they simply stood on the senate, not even trying to take any action - for example, go to storm the palace. several shots fired by buckshot by government troops scattered the gathering and put them to run away.
first page of the constitutional draft of nikita muravyov. 1826 the constitution of nikita mikhailovich muravyov is a program document of the northern society. it was not officially accepted by society, but was widely known and reflected the mood of most of its members. compiled in the years 1822-1825.
we can't say that the conspirators did not have a plan, but it was not possible to fulfill it from the very beginning. they managed to withdraw troops to senate square, but it was planned that they would come to the senate meeting of the state council and the senate, which were to swear allegiance to the new sovereign, and would require the introduction of a constitution. but when the decembrists came to the square, it turned out that the meeting had already ended, the dignitaries parted, all decisions were made, and there was simply no one to present the demands.
for the good fortune of any rebellion, there is a definite willingness to shed blood at some point. the decembrists did not have this readiness; they did not want bloodshed. but itβs difficult for a historian to imagine a successful rebellion, whose leaders are making every effort to not kill anyone.
blood spilled anyway, but there were relatively few casualties: both sides fired reluctantly, if possible over their heads. government forces set themselves the task of simply dispersing the rebels, and they fired back. modern calculations by historians show that about 80 people died on both sides during the events on the senate. talks that there were up to 1,500 victims and a bunch of corpses that the police threw off into the neva at night are not confirmed.
interrogation of the decembrist by the investigative committee in 1826. drawing by vladimir adlerberg.
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